The functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes represents a rapidly expanding area of research focused on enhancing the properties of carbon-based materials. Carbon allotropes have the capability to interact with organic molecules through both covalent and non-covalent bonding. Non-covalent interactions include hydrogen bonding, π-cation, π-π stacking, π-anion electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals forces.1 Traditional oxidation reactions can be employed to graft carboxylic acids, which can then be used as a starting point for other reactions. The research group in which the present manuscript work has been done developed a sustainable and facile methodology to graft specific organic molecules on the surface of carbon allotropes. Specifically, N-substituted pyrrole compounds (PyC) have been investigated for modifying the latter, including carbon black, high surface area graphite, and carbon nanotubes. The chemical properties of these compounds were tailored to enhance their performance and suitability for a wide range of industrial applications. The Ph.D. thesis was focused on the functionalization process of carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes and their impact on material properties, such as their use as fillers for elastomeric nanocomposites and support for heterogeneous catalysts. The modification of carbon allotropes underwent thorough investigation, combining experimental techniques and computational simulations. Pyrrole compounds (PyC) such as serinol-pyrrole (SP), triethylenetetramine-pyrrole (TETAP), and tetraethylenepentamine-pyrrole (TEPAP) were synthesized. Carbon black was functionalized with SP and TETAP and was introduced in elastomeric nanocomposites filled with carbon black and silica to improve their performances. Compounds were studied with dynamic and static mechanical analysis, along with microscopies and crosslinking densities studies. The behavior of CB-SP in the rubber matrix was also studied in non-crosslinked blends through flocculation studies. Furthermore, the versatility of the functionalization reaction was explored in the preparation of substrates for potential single-atom catalysts. Copper metal was grafted on TEPAP-functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs). The adduct exhibited remarkable reactivity and selectivity in coupling reactions, and furthermore, the functionalization was proven to be a facile methodology to prepare single-atom catalysts. SP- and TEPAP-modified carbon nanotubes were used as platforms for ruthenium nanoparticles, with CNT-SP revealed to be the best system for hydrogen isotopic exchange of quinoline both in terms of activity and selectivity. HR-TEM confirmed that serinol-pyrrole (SP) enhanced the homogeneity of the nanoparticle distribution while reducing their size. Lastly, to better comprehend the nature of the supramolecular interactions between PyC and carbon allotropes, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were performed. Pyrrole compound adsorption on graphene was found to be more favored compared to other related organic compounds, with dispersion and π -π interactions as the main contributions to the stability of the studied systems.
La funzionalizzazione degli allotropi di carbonio sp2 rappresenta un'area di ricerca in rapida espansione focalizzata sul potenziamento delle proprietà dei materiali a base di carbonio. Gli allotropi di carbonio hanno la capacità di interagire con le molecole organiche sia attraverso legami covalenti che non covalenti. Le interazioni non covalenti includono legami idrogeno, π-catione, impilamento π-π, forze elettrostatiche π-anione, interazioni idrofobiche e forze di van der Waals. Le reazioni di ossidazione tradizionali possono essere impiegate per innestare acidi carbossilici, che possono quindi essere utilizzati come punto di partenza per altre reazioni. Il gruppo di ricerca in cui è stato svolto il lavoro presente nel manoscritto ha sviluppato una metodologia sostenibile e facile per innestare specifiche molecole organiche sulla superficie degli allotropi di carbonio. In particolare, sono stati studiati i composti pirrolici N-sostituiti (PyC) per modificarli, compresi il carbon black, il grafite ad alta superficie e i nanotubi di carbonio. Le proprietà chimiche di questi composti sono state adattate per migliorarne le prestazioni e l'adattabilità a una vasta gamma di applicazioni industriali. La tesi di dottorato si è concentrata sul processo di funzionalizzazione di carbon black, grafite e nanotubi di carbonio e sul loro impatto sulle proprietà dei materiali, come l'uso come riempitivi per nanocompositi elastomerici e il supporto per catalizzatori eterogenei. La modifica degli allotropi di carbonio è stata oggetto di un'approfondita indagine, combinando tecniche sperimentali e simulazioni computazionali. Composti pirrolici (PyC) come serinol-pirrolo (SP), trietilentetramina-pirrolo (TETAP) e tetraetilenepentamina-pirrolo (TEPAP) sono stati sintetizzati. Il carbon black è stato funzionalizzato con SP e TETAP ed è stato introdotto in nanocompositi elastomerici riempiti con carbon black e silice per migliorarne le prestazioni. I composti sono stati studiati con analisi meccaniche dinamiche e statiche, insieme a microscopie e studi di densità di reticolazione. Il comportamento di CB-SP nella matrice di gomma è stato anche studiato in miscele non reticolate attraverso studi di flocculazione. Inoltre, è stata esplorata la versatilità della reazione di funzionalizzazione nella preparazione di substrati per potenziali catalizzatori monoatomici. Il rame metallico è stato innestato su nanopiastrine di grafite funzionalizzate con TEPAP (GNP). L'addotto ha mostrato una notevole reattività e selettività in reazioni di accoppiamento e, inoltre, la funzionalizzazione si è dimostrata una metodologia facile per preparare catalizzatori monoatomici. I nanotubi di carbonio modificati con SP e TEPAP sono stati utilizzati come piattaforme per nanoparticelle di rutenio, con CNT-SP rivelatosi il miglior sistema per lo scambio isotopico di quinolina in termini di attività e selettività. L'HR-TEM ha confermato che il serinol-pirrolo (SP) ha migliorato l'omogeneità della distribuzione delle nanoparticelle riducendone le dimensioni. Infine, per comprendere meglio la natura delle interazioni supramolecolari tra PyC e gli allotropi di carbonio, sono state eseguite simulazioni di teoria funzionale della densità (DFT). L'adsorbimento di composti pirrolici su grafene è risultato più favorito rispetto ad altri composti organici correlati, con dispersione e interazioni π-π come principali contributi alla stabilità dei sistemi studiati.
Adducts of sp2 carbon allotropes and pyrrole compounds. From a DFT study to their use as reinforcing fillers for elastomer nanocomposites and substrates for single atom catalysts
Moriggi, Francesco
2023/2024
Abstract
The functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes represents a rapidly expanding area of research focused on enhancing the properties of carbon-based materials. Carbon allotropes have the capability to interact with organic molecules through both covalent and non-covalent bonding. Non-covalent interactions include hydrogen bonding, π-cation, π-π stacking, π-anion electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals forces.1 Traditional oxidation reactions can be employed to graft carboxylic acids, which can then be used as a starting point for other reactions. The research group in which the present manuscript work has been done developed a sustainable and facile methodology to graft specific organic molecules on the surface of carbon allotropes. Specifically, N-substituted pyrrole compounds (PyC) have been investigated for modifying the latter, including carbon black, high surface area graphite, and carbon nanotubes. The chemical properties of these compounds were tailored to enhance their performance and suitability for a wide range of industrial applications. The Ph.D. thesis was focused on the functionalization process of carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes and their impact on material properties, such as their use as fillers for elastomeric nanocomposites and support for heterogeneous catalysts. The modification of carbon allotropes underwent thorough investigation, combining experimental techniques and computational simulations. Pyrrole compounds (PyC) such as serinol-pyrrole (SP), triethylenetetramine-pyrrole (TETAP), and tetraethylenepentamine-pyrrole (TEPAP) were synthesized. Carbon black was functionalized with SP and TETAP and was introduced in elastomeric nanocomposites filled with carbon black and silica to improve their performances. Compounds were studied with dynamic and static mechanical analysis, along with microscopies and crosslinking densities studies. The behavior of CB-SP in the rubber matrix was also studied in non-crosslinked blends through flocculation studies. Furthermore, the versatility of the functionalization reaction was explored in the preparation of substrates for potential single-atom catalysts. Copper metal was grafted on TEPAP-functionalized graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs). The adduct exhibited remarkable reactivity and selectivity in coupling reactions, and furthermore, the functionalization was proven to be a facile methodology to prepare single-atom catalysts. SP- and TEPAP-modified carbon nanotubes were used as platforms for ruthenium nanoparticles, with CNT-SP revealed to be the best system for hydrogen isotopic exchange of quinoline both in terms of activity and selectivity. HR-TEM confirmed that serinol-pyrrole (SP) enhanced the homogeneity of the nanoparticle distribution while reducing their size. Lastly, to better comprehend the nature of the supramolecular interactions between PyC and carbon allotropes, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were performed. Pyrrole compound adsorption on graphene was found to be more favored compared to other related organic compounds, with dispersion and π -π interactions as the main contributions to the stability of the studied systems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato - Francesco Moriggi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/216432