Established and developed in the second half of the 19th century as places called to host competitive events, the stadiums reached the peak of a development parable in the 20th century in conjunction with the full evolution of economic and territorial systems as places with high functional specialization by cyclical and segmented temporality but the transformation of post-industrial territorial economies, leading to assigning a central role to well-being and leisure, determines a phase of profound change for the stadiums which makes them crucial places for territorial development strategies. The policies undertaken in the last two decades towards these places have had as their main objective to question the concept of the stadium that from a simple container of events has turned into an infrastructure able to promote and produce services destined for the city becoming a centre of profitable to generate opportunities. Italy exhibits a situation characterized by the presence of a vast existing built heritage that declined within the framework of sports infrastructure and takes on very topical characters generating an original and unprecedented debate in the European scenario. The Italian context is characterized by a widespread and widespread system of places intended for sports practice and activity whose value assumes, at the same time, an objective relevance and a significant commitment related to the memorial respect of the places; at the same time the sports plant, built at the beginning of the 20th century based on single-functional assumptions and interrelated to a culture very different from the current one for numbers, economic values, types of users, is now inadequate, no longer able to respond to the needs expressed by contemporary society. The presence of imposing artefacts and sports venues throughout the territory largely obsolete, the different protection regimes that weigh on a large number of such facilities, the difficulties of adapting existing structures with obvious morpho typological rigidity, the public nature of the properties, The strong identity of these buildings within the different contexts are just some of the main issues peculiar to the understanding of the Italian situation and the relative critical issues that are directly proportional to the potential of this system. In Italy the process of enhancement of sports facilities is lagging far behind, it is precisely in this condition that the innovation potential is identified where the assessment of current conditions, of the changes of use and context is interfaced with the open question concerning the future of the architectures of the twentieth century. Within the contemporary city that grows on itself, in a perspective of non consumption of soil regenerating the underused portions, the hypothesis is advanced that the sporting infrastructure can be considered as one of the fundamental components for the development of the urban fabric and is candida like one of the more interesting strategic asset to vehicular the processes of urban regeneration and valorization of the built environment. The work is organized in such a way as to constitute an original reading attempt on the subject in question and is articulated through five cognitive parts: (1) introduction, (2) themes, (3) elements, (4) tools, (5) perspectives. The first part, the introductory part, outlines the scenario within which research moves. Starting from the framework of cultural approaches, this part illustrates the approach and development of the work, clarifying the main content and methodological aspects. The second part, analytical-cognitive, represents the reconstruction of the state of the art, which is proposed as a synthesis of the theoretical-cultural scenario and provides a systemic vision of the theme, rarely addressed by the literature of reference, which, although with clear references to the international sphere, highlights the specificity of the theme at national level. In particular, the first chapter concerns the definition of the subject matter, sports infrastructure, in its complexity of the territorial cultural product and an urban environment characterized by specific relationships between the elements of the built environment within the contemporary European reference scenario. The second chapter illustrates the main evolutionary moments of sports architecture throughout the 20th century up to the current attempts to relaunch the system undertaken in the last two decades. Finally, the research work, through a reflection on the current state of sports architecture as cultural heritage, carries out the characteristics of this system, posing the main questions from which the research hypothesis develops. Starting from a framework on the systems of cataloguing and digitalization as tools for enhancing the architecture of the twentieth century, the third part focuses on the Italian context and, in particular, on the preparation of a mapping (GIS-based) 200 Italian stages selected thanks to precise criteria and analyzed, first, thanks to a series of data strictly necessary for a summary inventory and, second, deepening a part of these (111/200) and investigating them through a detailed reading able to understand aspects regarding the context of belonging and the characteristics of architecture. Through transversal readings of the emerged information, the potentialities and the criticalities of this system of architectures are evidenced. The fourth part, as a synthesis-evaluation and orientation phase, is structured through the systematization of the main themes that emerged during the research, as well as through the definition of an opportunity assessment tool that can indicate the readiness by an existing stage to accommodate a valorisation project and following which guidelines. The research work ends in the fifth part, outlining, based on the reflections and analyses that have emerged, as well as the construction of the instrument for reading opportunities, some guidelines for the planning and design of the redevelopment of existing stages through the identification of some interpretative keys that attempt to synthesize the different thematic areas with which a contemporary stage must compare today if interpreted as a nodal infrastructure of the processes of urban and social regeneration. In this context, research has a dual objective. As a general objective, the work aims to generate a systematic and scientifically rigorous vision, able to constitute a valid support to the development of a sector that increasingly manifests a strong need for renewal and requires appropriate skills for this purpose. As a specific objective, the research aims to promote awareness of an interesting, complex and delicate framework, that of the Italian context, in which the close relationship historically established between cities, stadiums and cultural heritage is so unique that it requires specific approaches and tools. This work aims to identify tools, strategies, indications and perspectives that can not only support interventions to enhance the value of the built heritage but, in a perspective logic, accompany the processes of change management, innovation and strategic development of existing sports infrastructure. The proposed work aims to develop a typically Italian specificity: the widespread presence on the entire territory of a vast system of places for sport, in particular stadiums, waiting for transformation: urgent topic and full of opportunities, little investigated material in an organic and systematic approach that poses pressing questions and requires urgent answers for the future of our cities.
Sorti e sviluppati dalla seconda metà del IXX secolo come luoghi chiamati ad ospitare manifestazioni agonistiche, gli stadi giungono al culmine di una parabola di sviluppo nel XX secolo in concomitanza con la piena evoluzione dei sistemi economici e territoriali quali luoghi ad alta specializzazione funzionale dalla temporalità ciclica e segmentata ma la trasformazione delle economie territoriali post-industriali, orientate ad assegnare al benessere e al tempo libero un ruolo centrale, determina per gli stadi una fase di profondo mutamento che ne fa luoghi cruciali per le strategie di sviluppo territoriale. Le politiche intraprese negli ultimi due decenni nei confronti di questi luoghi hanno avuto come obiettivo principale quello di interrogarsi sul concetto di stadio che da semplice contenitore di eventi si è trasformato in un’infrastruttura in grado di promuovere e produrre servizi destinati alla città diventando un centro di profitto in grado di generare opportunità. L’Italia esibisce una situazione caratterizzata dalla presenza di un vasto patrimonio costruito esistente che declinato all’interno dell’ambito delle infrastrutture sportive assume caratteri di grande attualità generando un dibattito originale ed inedito nello scenario europeo. Il contesto italiano è caratterizzato da un diffuso e capillare sistema di luoghi destinati alla pratica e all’attività sportiva il cui valore assume, al contempo, un’oggettiva rilevanza e un significativo impegno connesso al rispetto memoriale dei luoghi; allo stesso tempo l’impiantistica sportiva, sorta all’inizio del XX secolo sulla base di presupposti monofunzionali e interrelati a una cultura decisamente differente da quella attuale per numeri, valori economici, tipologie d’utenza, risulta oggi inadeguata, non più in grado di rispondere alle esigenze espresse dalla società contemporanea. La presenza di imponenti manufatti e di luoghi dello sport sull’intero territorio in gran parte obsoleti, i differenti regimi di tutela che gravano su una notevole quantità di tali impianti, le difficoltà di adeguamento delle strutture esistenti caratterizzate da un’evidente rigidità morfo-tipologica, la natura pubblica delle proprietà, il forte carattere identitario di questi manufatti all’interno dei differenti contesti sono solo alcuni dei principali temi peculiari per la comprensione della situazione italiana e delle relative criticità che risultano direttamente proporzionali alle potenzialità di tale sistema. In Italia il processo di valorizzazione delle strutture sportive risulta in ampio ritardo, è proprio in questa condizione che viene individuato il potenziale di innovazione dove la valutazione delle condizioni attuali, dei mutamenti d’uso e di contesto si interfaccia con la questione aperta riguardante il futuro delle architetture del Novecento. All’interno della città contemporanea che cresce su se stessa, in un’ottica di non consumo di suolo rigenerando le porzioni sottoutilizzate, si avanza l’ipotesi che l’infrastruttura sportiva possa essere considerata come uno dei componenti fondamentali per lo sviluppo del tessuto urbano e si candida come uno degli asset strategici più interessanti per veicolare i processi di rigenerazione urbana e di valorizzazione dell’ambiente costruito. Il lavoro è organizzato in modo da costituire un tentativo di lettura originale sul tema in oggetto e si articola attraverso cinque blocchi cognitivi: (1) introduzione, (2) temi, (3) elementi, (4) strumenti, (5) prospettive. La prima parte, introduttiva, delinea lo scenario entro cui la ricerca si muove. A partire dall’inquadramento degli approcci culturali questa parte illustra l’impostazione e lo sviluppo del lavoro, chiarendo gli aspetti contenutistici e metodologici principali. La seconda parte, analitica-conoscitiva, rappresenta la ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, che si propone come sintesi dello scenario teorico-culturale e fornisce una visione sistemica del tema, raramente affrontato dalla letteratura di riferimento, la quale, pur con chiari rimandi all’ambito internazionale, evidenzia la specificità del tema a livello nazionale. In particolare, il primo capitolo riguarda la definizione dell’oggetto di indagine, l’infrastruttura sportiva, nella sua complessità di prodotto culturale territoriale e dell’ambiente urbano caratterizzato da relazioni specifiche tra gli elementi dell’ambiente costruito all’interno dello scenario di riferimento contemporaneo europeo. Il secondo capitolo illustra i principali momenti evolutivi dell’architettura sportiva lungo il Novecento fino ai tentativi di rilancio attuali del sistema intrapresi negli ultimi due decenni. In ultimo il lavoro di ricerca esplica, attraverso una riflessione sullo stato attuale dell’architettura sportiva come patrimonio culturale, le caratteristiche di questo sistema ponendo le questioni principali da cui si sviluppa l’ipotesi di ricerca. Partendo da un inquadramento sui sistemi di catalogazione e digitalizzazione come strumenti di valorizzazione dell’architettura del Novecento, la terza parte si focalizza sull’ambito italiano e, in particolare, sulla predisposizione di una mappatura (GIS-based) di 200 stadi italiani selezionati grazie a precisi criteri ed analizzati, in un primo momento, grazie ad a serie di dati strettamente necessari per una sintetica inventariazione e, in secondo luogo, approfondendo una parte di questi (111/200) e indagandoli tramite una lettura dettagliata in grado di comprendere aspetti riguardanti il contesto di appartenenza e le caratteristiche dell’architettura. Attraverso letture trasversali delle informazioni emerse vengono evidenziate le potenzialità e le criticità di questo sistema di architetture. La quarta parte, in quanto fase sintetico-valutativa e di indirizzo, si struttura attraverso la messa a sistema dei temi principali emersi durante la ricerca, nonché attraverso la definizione di uno strumento di valutazione delle opportunità in grado di indicare la predisposizione da parte di uno stadio esistente di accogliere un progetto di valorizzazione e seguendo quali indirizzi. Il lavoro di ricerca si conclude nella quinta parte delinenado, sulla base delle riflessioni e delle analisi emerse, nonché della costruzione dello strumento di lettura delle opportunità, alcuni lineamenti di indirizzo per la programmazione e progettazione degli interventi di riqualificazione degli stadi esistenti attraverso l’individuazione di alcune chiavi interpretative che tentano di sintetizzare i diversi ambiti tematici con cui uno stadio contemporaneo deve confrontarsi oggi se interpretato quale infrastruttura nodale dei processi di rigenerazione urbana e sociale. In questo contesto, la ricerca si pone un duplice obiettivo. Come obiettivo generale, il lavoro mira a generare una visione sistematica e scientificamente rigorosa, in grado di costituire un valido supporto allo sviluppo di un settore che sempre più manifesta una forte esigenza di rinnovamento e richiede competenze adatte a tale scopo. Come obiettivo specifico, la ricerca intende promuovere un’azione di sensibilizzazione verso un quadro interessante, complesso e delicato, quello del contesto italiano, in cui lo stretto rapporto storicamente instauratosi tra città, stadi e patrimonio culturale è talmente peculiare da richiedere approcci e strumenti specifici. Il presente lavoro mira a individuare strumenti, strategie, indicazioni e prospettive in grado non solo di supportare interventi di valorizzazione del patrimonio costruito ma, in una logica prospettica, di accompagnare i processi di gestione del cambiamento, innovazione e sviluppo strategico delle infrastrutture sportive esistenti. Il lavoro proposto intende sviluppare una specificità tipicamente italiana: la presenza diffusa sull’intero territorio di un vasto sistema di luoghi per lo sport, in particolare stadi, in attesa di trasformazione: tema urgente e ricco di opportunità, materiale poco indagato in un approccio organico e sistematico che pone stringenti interrogativi e richiede urgenti risposte per il futuro delle nostre città.
Lo stadio come bene culturale tra memoria e contemporaneità. Strumenti e strategie per la valorizzazione delle infrastrutture sportive come opportunità di rigenerazione urbana e sociale nel contesto italiano
Battaglia, Silvia
2023/2024
Abstract
Established and developed in the second half of the 19th century as places called to host competitive events, the stadiums reached the peak of a development parable in the 20th century in conjunction with the full evolution of economic and territorial systems as places with high functional specialization by cyclical and segmented temporality but the transformation of post-industrial territorial economies, leading to assigning a central role to well-being and leisure, determines a phase of profound change for the stadiums which makes them crucial places for territorial development strategies. The policies undertaken in the last two decades towards these places have had as their main objective to question the concept of the stadium that from a simple container of events has turned into an infrastructure able to promote and produce services destined for the city becoming a centre of profitable to generate opportunities. Italy exhibits a situation characterized by the presence of a vast existing built heritage that declined within the framework of sports infrastructure and takes on very topical characters generating an original and unprecedented debate in the European scenario. The Italian context is characterized by a widespread and widespread system of places intended for sports practice and activity whose value assumes, at the same time, an objective relevance and a significant commitment related to the memorial respect of the places; at the same time the sports plant, built at the beginning of the 20th century based on single-functional assumptions and interrelated to a culture very different from the current one for numbers, economic values, types of users, is now inadequate, no longer able to respond to the needs expressed by contemporary society. The presence of imposing artefacts and sports venues throughout the territory largely obsolete, the different protection regimes that weigh on a large number of such facilities, the difficulties of adapting existing structures with obvious morpho typological rigidity, the public nature of the properties, The strong identity of these buildings within the different contexts are just some of the main issues peculiar to the understanding of the Italian situation and the relative critical issues that are directly proportional to the potential of this system. In Italy the process of enhancement of sports facilities is lagging far behind, it is precisely in this condition that the innovation potential is identified where the assessment of current conditions, of the changes of use and context is interfaced with the open question concerning the future of the architectures of the twentieth century. Within the contemporary city that grows on itself, in a perspective of non consumption of soil regenerating the underused portions, the hypothesis is advanced that the sporting infrastructure can be considered as one of the fundamental components for the development of the urban fabric and is candida like one of the more interesting strategic asset to vehicular the processes of urban regeneration and valorization of the built environment. The work is organized in such a way as to constitute an original reading attempt on the subject in question and is articulated through five cognitive parts: (1) introduction, (2) themes, (3) elements, (4) tools, (5) perspectives. The first part, the introductory part, outlines the scenario within which research moves. Starting from the framework of cultural approaches, this part illustrates the approach and development of the work, clarifying the main content and methodological aspects. The second part, analytical-cognitive, represents the reconstruction of the state of the art, which is proposed as a synthesis of the theoretical-cultural scenario and provides a systemic vision of the theme, rarely addressed by the literature of reference, which, although with clear references to the international sphere, highlights the specificity of the theme at national level. In particular, the first chapter concerns the definition of the subject matter, sports infrastructure, in its complexity of the territorial cultural product and an urban environment characterized by specific relationships between the elements of the built environment within the contemporary European reference scenario. The second chapter illustrates the main evolutionary moments of sports architecture throughout the 20th century up to the current attempts to relaunch the system undertaken in the last two decades. Finally, the research work, through a reflection on the current state of sports architecture as cultural heritage, carries out the characteristics of this system, posing the main questions from which the research hypothesis develops. Starting from a framework on the systems of cataloguing and digitalization as tools for enhancing the architecture of the twentieth century, the third part focuses on the Italian context and, in particular, on the preparation of a mapping (GIS-based) 200 Italian stages selected thanks to precise criteria and analyzed, first, thanks to a series of data strictly necessary for a summary inventory and, second, deepening a part of these (111/200) and investigating them through a detailed reading able to understand aspects regarding the context of belonging and the characteristics of architecture. Through transversal readings of the emerged information, the potentialities and the criticalities of this system of architectures are evidenced. The fourth part, as a synthesis-evaluation and orientation phase, is structured through the systematization of the main themes that emerged during the research, as well as through the definition of an opportunity assessment tool that can indicate the readiness by an existing stage to accommodate a valorisation project and following which guidelines. The research work ends in the fifth part, outlining, based on the reflections and analyses that have emerged, as well as the construction of the instrument for reading opportunities, some guidelines for the planning and design of the redevelopment of existing stages through the identification of some interpretative keys that attempt to synthesize the different thematic areas with which a contemporary stage must compare today if interpreted as a nodal infrastructure of the processes of urban and social regeneration. In this context, research has a dual objective. As a general objective, the work aims to generate a systematic and scientifically rigorous vision, able to constitute a valid support to the development of a sector that increasingly manifests a strong need for renewal and requires appropriate skills for this purpose. As a specific objective, the research aims to promote awareness of an interesting, complex and delicate framework, that of the Italian context, in which the close relationship historically established between cities, stadiums and cultural heritage is so unique that it requires specific approaches and tools. This work aims to identify tools, strategies, indications and perspectives that can not only support interventions to enhance the value of the built heritage but, in a perspective logic, accompany the processes of change management, innovation and strategic development of existing sports infrastructure. The proposed work aims to develop a typically Italian specificity: the widespread presence on the entire territory of a vast system of places for sport, in particular stadiums, waiting for transformation: urgent topic and full of opportunities, little investigated material in an organic and systematic approach that poses pressing questions and requires urgent answers for the future of our cities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/216592