A large body of work have highlighted the role of sleep in consolidating newly acquired motor skills, but little is known about how neural activity in the motor cortex evolves during sleep when the the actions performed during wakefulness are familiar and already consolidated. In this context a crucial role is played by sleep replays, reactivation of neural sequences initially active during wakefulness. To address this gap, we investigated multi-single-unit firing motifs—cell assemblies—in the primary motor and premotor cortices of non-human primates during the execution and observation of movements, and during different stages of sleep. We analysed electrophysiological recordings from two macaques performing a well-learned reach-to-grasp task, followed by a spontaneous sleep session. Cell assemblies were detected using an unsupervised detection algorithm (CAD) that identifies recurring activation patterns in time series data, ultimately providing the identity of the neurons composing each assembly, their stereotypical activation pattern, and the temporal resolution of their coordination. Our results revealed that task-related neuronal assemblies, identified during motor execution but also movement observation, were reactivated during sleep at a faster timescale. During NREM sleep, assembly reactivation occurred at timescales roughly 5 times faster than in wakefulness, matching the time scale of typical replay events observed in other cortical regions. During REM sleep, reactivation patterns were compressed even further, reaching approximately 50 times faster than in wakefulness. Moreover, we found that assemblies detected during sleep not only matched above chance those identified during wakefulness, but also preferentially included neurons responsive to the motor task. These findings show that, even when no new motor tasks are acquired, neuronal activation motifs linked to coding of common movements are reactivated during sleep. This study suggest a potentially distinct contributions of REM and NREM sleep to the consolidation of motor memories and provides novel insights into the role of sleep in the maintenance of motor skills.
Un ampio numero di studi ha evidenziato il ruolo del sonno nel consolidamento di nuove abilità motorie, ma si sa poco su come l'attività neurale nella corteccia motoria evolva durante il sonno quando le azioni eseguite durante la veglia sono familiari e già consolidate. In questo contesto, un ruolo cruciale è svolto dai replay del sonno, cioè la riattivazione di sequenze neurali inizialmente attive durante la veglia. Per colmare questa lacuna, abbiamo indagato i multi-single-unit firing motifs – cell assemblies – nella corteccia motoria primaria e premotoria di primati non umani durante l'esecuzione e l'osservazione dei movimenti, e durante differenti fasi del sonno. Abbiamo analizzato registrazioni elettrofisiologiche provenienti da due macachi impegnati in un compito di reach-to-grasp ben appreso, seguito da una sessione di sonno spontaneo. Le cell assemblies sono state rilevate utilizzando un algoritmo di rilevazione non supervisionato (CAD) che identifica pattern ricorrenti di attivazione nei dati temporali, fornendo in ultima analisi l'identità dei neuroni che compongono ciascuna assembly, il loro pattern di attivazione stereotipato e la risoluzione temporale della loro coordinazione. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato che le cell assemblies neurali correlate al compito, identificate sia durante l'esecuzione motoria che durante l'osservazione del movimento, venivano riattivate durante il sonno su una scala temporale più veloce. Durante il sonno NREM, la riattivazione delle assembly si è verificata a scale temporali circa 5 volte più rapide rispetto alla veglia, corrispondenti alla scala temporale degli eventi di replay tipici osservati in altre regioni corticali. Durante il sonno REM, i pattern di riattivazione risultavano ulteriormente compressi, raggiungendo una velocità approssimativamente 50 volte superiore rispetto alla veglia. Inoltre, abbiamo riscontrato che le assembly rilevate durante il sonno non solo corrispondevano in misura superiore alla casualità a quelle identificate durante la veglia, ma includevano anche preferenzialmente neuroni responsivi al compito motorio. Questi risultati dimostrano che, anche in assenza di nuove acquisizioni di compiti motori, i motifs di attivazione neuronale legati alla codifica dei movimenti comuni vengono riattivati durante il sonno. Questo studio suggerisce contributi potenzialmente distinti del sonno REM e NREM al consolidamento delle memorie motorie e fornisce nuove intuizioni sul ruolo del sonno nel mantenimento delle abilità motorie.
Investigation of multi-single-unit firing motifs in the motor cortex of non-human primates during movement execution and sleep
Sbarsi, Luca
2023/2024
Abstract
A large body of work have highlighted the role of sleep in consolidating newly acquired motor skills, but little is known about how neural activity in the motor cortex evolves during sleep when the the actions performed during wakefulness are familiar and already consolidated. In this context a crucial role is played by sleep replays, reactivation of neural sequences initially active during wakefulness. To address this gap, we investigated multi-single-unit firing motifs—cell assemblies—in the primary motor and premotor cortices of non-human primates during the execution and observation of movements, and during different stages of sleep. We analysed electrophysiological recordings from two macaques performing a well-learned reach-to-grasp task, followed by a spontaneous sleep session. Cell assemblies were detected using an unsupervised detection algorithm (CAD) that identifies recurring activation patterns in time series data, ultimately providing the identity of the neurons composing each assembly, their stereotypical activation pattern, and the temporal resolution of their coordination. Our results revealed that task-related neuronal assemblies, identified during motor execution but also movement observation, were reactivated during sleep at a faster timescale. During NREM sleep, assembly reactivation occurred at timescales roughly 5 times faster than in wakefulness, matching the time scale of typical replay events observed in other cortical regions. During REM sleep, reactivation patterns were compressed even further, reaching approximately 50 times faster than in wakefulness. Moreover, we found that assemblies detected during sleep not only matched above chance those identified during wakefulness, but also preferentially included neurons responsive to the motor task. These findings show that, even when no new motor tasks are acquired, neuronal activation motifs linked to coding of common movements are reactivated during sleep. This study suggest a potentially distinct contributions of REM and NREM sleep to the consolidation of motor memories and provides novel insights into the role of sleep in the maintenance of motor skills.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Executive_Summary_Sbarsi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235568