Since their early production, plastics have been increasingly used to create artworks. Nowadays, a wide range of plastic objects is displayed in museums or private collections and artworks like sculptures or paintings, installations, toys, cinematographic and photographic films and collectable industrial design objects have become part of our cultural heritage. However, there is an increasing concern about the preservation of plastics in collections because such materials may have a short life expectancy, being much more susceptible to chemical degradation reactions. Degradation mechanism can involve both thermal and oxidative processes, firstly during manufacture and then because of the usage, as objects are continually exposed to air, moisture, light and heat. Degradation does not entail only physical and chemical changes but may result also in loss in function, form or significance of the object, which can show deformation, shrinkage, cracking, surface deposits or discoloration. For the preservation of plastic materials and artifacts, it is necessary to understand degradation patterns, assess condition and estimate risks. Therefore, there is a growing need for research activities that provide information on the chemical composition, the state of preservation and the effectiveness of conservation strategies. This PhD project was designed in order to address some of these issues related to the conservation of plastic artefacts, which include the study of degradation processes of selected polymeric materials, the development of active conservation strategies and the improvement of a multi-analytical investigation protocol for the assessment of the conservation conditions. The study of degradation processes was carried out on five specific materials used in design objects and contemporary artworks of the 20th century, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Accelerated photo-oxidative ageing was performed on specimens in order to simulate, in a suitably short time, the photo-oxidation of the materials in museum conditions. A cutting-edge multi-analytical investigation, including spectroscopic techniques (with lab and Synchrotron equipment), optical and electronic microscopic observations and mechanical tests, was setup in order to fully investigate changes in the chemical and mechanical surface properties. All the selected materials showed a surface degradation although with different extent and depths. Each aged polymer exhibited different products of oxidation due to the different pattern of ageing and in the same material different products of oxidation have been detected at different depths. These chemical changes lead to surface cracking and strong yellowing of the specimen, mainly for ABS, PVC and PP. Mechanical investigation was carried out with three different techniques such as scratch, micro- and nano-indentation tests that allowed the testing of materials to highlight the differences between unaged and aged samples at different depth scales. The conservation strategies developed include cleaning treatments, to reduce the surface yellowing of aged materials and to remove surface deposits, and procedures for the introduction of specific additives in already manufactured objects, called “post-additivation techniques”. Agar gel was selected as cleaning agent while specific optical brighteners and plasticizer were selected for the post-additivation procedures. The investigation protocol proposed in the PhD project provided the accomplishment of compositional analysis of the artworks and evaluation of the actual state of conservation. The procedure included mainly microscopic observations and use of spectroscopic with the aims of identification of materials, surface morphology characterization and assessment of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of material surface and bulk. Finally, a complete and extended portable FTIR spectroscopic campaig, was carried out on standard polymeric specimens and artworks from the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago; the obtained data allowed to build-up a very reliable database of total reflectance IR spectra, shared in the scientific community.
Sin dalla loro prima produzione le materie plastiche sono state usate in modo esponenziale per la creazione di opere di interesse artistico. Attualmente, una gran varietà di oggetti in plastica sono esposti in collezioni museali o private, ed opere d’arte come sculture, dipinti, installazioni, giochi, pellicole fotografiche e cinematografiche così come oggetti di design industriale sono diventate parte integrante del patrimonio culturale mondiale. Tuttavia, c’è un’attenzione sempre maggiore per la conservazione di questi oggetti perché i materiali polimerici possono degradarsi molto facilmente. I meccanismi di degrado possono coinvolgere sia processi termici che foto-ossidativi, a partire dalla produzione dei materiali e degli oggetti, e poi anche a causa del loro utilizzo nel tempo, perché continuamente esposti ad aria, umidità, luce e calore. I processi di degrado non comportano solo cambiamenti chimici e fisici nel materiale ma possono portare anche a perdita della funzione, forma o significato dell’oggetto stesso, che può mostrare segni di deformazione, fessurazione, depositi superficiali o cambiamenti di colore. Ai fini della loro conservazione è necessario comprendere a fondo i meccanismi di degrado, valutare lo stato di conservazione ed avere una stima dei rischi a lungo termine. Quindi c’è un bisogno crescente di attività di ricerca scientifica che possa fornire informazioni sulla composizione chimica dei materiali plastici, sullo stato di conservazione e sugli effetti di eventuali strategie di conservazione, sia attiva che preventiva. Questo progetto di dottorato è stato concepito quindi, allo scopo di affrontare alcuni di questi temi; gli obiettivi principali riguardano lo studio di processi di degrado di alcuni materiali polimerici selezionati, lo sviluppo di strategie di conservazione attiva e la progettazione di un protocollo di indagine multi-analitico per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione degli oggetti. Lo studio dei processi di degrado è stato effettuato su cinque specifici materiali utilizzati nel campo del design e dell’arte contemporanea: acrilonitrile butadiene stirene (ABS), polivinilcloruro (PVC), polipropilene (PP), polietilene ad alta densità (HDPE) e polietilene lineare a bassa densità (LLDPE). Procedure di invecchiamento accelerato foto-ossidativo sono state condotte allo scopo di simulare, in un adeguato periodo di tempo, l’esposizione dei materiali in ambienti museali. Una serie di indagini multi-analitiche, che comprendono tecniche spettroscopiche, osservazioni al microscopio ottico ed elettronico e test meccanici, sono state condotte allo scopo di studiare a fondo i cambiamenti chimici, fisici e meccanici avvenuti a causa della foto-ossidazione, principalmente sulla superficie del materiale. Tutti i materiali analizzati hanno mostrato un degrado superficiale sebbene con differenti entità e profondità. Ogni materiale ha mostrato un proprio pattern di degrado, evidenziato dai diversi tipi di prodotti di degrado identificati. Tali cambiamenti dal punto di vista chimico hanno portato a danni superficiali come fessurazioni e forte ingiallimento dei provini, specialmente in ABS, PVC e PP. Le prove meccaniche sono state effettuate con tre diverse tecniche che hanno permesso di analizzare i materiali a diverse profondità, prima e dopo l’esposizione. Le tecniche utilizzate sono scratch test, micro- e nanoindentazione. Le strategie di conservazione sviluppate in questo progetto includono trattamenti di pulitura, per cercare di ridurre l’ingiallimento superficiale dei materiali invecchiati e per rimuovere i depositi superficiali, e procedure per la reintroduzione di specifici additivi in materiali/oggetti in fase di post-produzione, chiamate tecniche di “post-additivazione”. L’agar gel è stato utilizzato come agente di pulitura mentre specifici sbiancanti ottici e un plastificante ftalico a catena corta sono stati scelti per le tecniche di post additivazione. Il protocollo d’analisi proposto in questo progetto di dottorato prevede lo studio degli oggetti per identificarne i materiali costituenti e valutarne lo stato di conservazione. Il protocollo prevede principalmente osservazioni al microscopio, sia ottico che elettronico, e l’uso di tecniche spettroscopiche allo scopo di identificare i materiali, di caratterizzarne la morfologia superficiale e valutare le proprietà chimiche, fisiche e meccaniche sia in superficie che nel bulk polimerico. Infine, un’ampia e completa campagna di analisi FTIR portatile in riflettanza è stata condotta su materiali polimerici standard e oggetti appartenenti alla collezione dell’Art Institute di Chicago. I dati ottenuti hanno permesso di costruire un database completo di spettri sia in riflettanza che in assorbanza, al fine di condividerlo con la comunità scientifica e museale.
Preservation of plastic artefacts: multi-analytical assessment of materials degradation and development of conservation strategies
SAVIELLO, DANIELA
Abstract
Since their early production, plastics have been increasingly used to create artworks. Nowadays, a wide range of plastic objects is displayed in museums or private collections and artworks like sculptures or paintings, installations, toys, cinematographic and photographic films and collectable industrial design objects have become part of our cultural heritage. However, there is an increasing concern about the preservation of plastics in collections because such materials may have a short life expectancy, being much more susceptible to chemical degradation reactions. Degradation mechanism can involve both thermal and oxidative processes, firstly during manufacture and then because of the usage, as objects are continually exposed to air, moisture, light and heat. Degradation does not entail only physical and chemical changes but may result also in loss in function, form or significance of the object, which can show deformation, shrinkage, cracking, surface deposits or discoloration. For the preservation of plastic materials and artifacts, it is necessary to understand degradation patterns, assess condition and estimate risks. Therefore, there is a growing need for research activities that provide information on the chemical composition, the state of preservation and the effectiveness of conservation strategies. This PhD project was designed in order to address some of these issues related to the conservation of plastic artefacts, which include the study of degradation processes of selected polymeric materials, the development of active conservation strategies and the improvement of a multi-analytical investigation protocol for the assessment of the conservation conditions. The study of degradation processes was carried out on five specific materials used in design objects and contemporary artworks of the 20th century, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Accelerated photo-oxidative ageing was performed on specimens in order to simulate, in a suitably short time, the photo-oxidation of the materials in museum conditions. A cutting-edge multi-analytical investigation, including spectroscopic techniques (with lab and Synchrotron equipment), optical and electronic microscopic observations and mechanical tests, was setup in order to fully investigate changes in the chemical and mechanical surface properties. All the selected materials showed a surface degradation although with different extent and depths. Each aged polymer exhibited different products of oxidation due to the different pattern of ageing and in the same material different products of oxidation have been detected at different depths. These chemical changes lead to surface cracking and strong yellowing of the specimen, mainly for ABS, PVC and PP. Mechanical investigation was carried out with three different techniques such as scratch, micro- and nano-indentation tests that allowed the testing of materials to highlight the differences between unaged and aged samples at different depth scales. The conservation strategies developed include cleaning treatments, to reduce the surface yellowing of aged materials and to remove surface deposits, and procedures for the introduction of specific additives in already manufactured objects, called “post-additivation techniques”. Agar gel was selected as cleaning agent while specific optical brighteners and plasticizer were selected for the post-additivation procedures. The investigation protocol proposed in the PhD project provided the accomplishment of compositional analysis of the artworks and evaluation of the actual state of conservation. The procedure included mainly microscopic observations and use of spectroscopic with the aims of identification of materials, surface morphology characterization and assessment of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of material surface and bulk. Finally, a complete and extended portable FTIR spectroscopic campaig, was carried out on standard polymeric specimens and artworks from the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago; the obtained data allowed to build-up a very reliable database of total reflectance IR spectra, shared in the scientific community.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/100364