The present research studies the structural behaviour of historical constructions with tie-rods. Preservation and maintenance of buildings with heritage value include ensuring their sufficient bearing capacity against different loads. This is a challenging task when dealing with historical masonry structures that are characterized with a complex hyperstatic structural system. While currently there are extensive studies on masonry historical structures having no tie-rods as a permanent part of their structure, there is a limited number of studies on Gothic cathedrals with tie-rods where lateral thrusts are resisted by a combined action between tie-rods, spandrels and buttresses. Their analysis is therefore not straightforward because it is difficult to estimate what portion of the thrust is resisted by each of these elements. The thesis proposes how different approaches can be combined towards understanding the structural behaviour of masonry constructions with tie-rods. It also develops a methodology for estimating current state of the stress in such historical structures. In particular, a continuous process of data acquisition, analysis of structural behaviour, diagnosis and safety evaluation was employed for the case study of Milan’s cathedral (Duomo di Milano). This remarkable monument was chosen in the present research due to its multifaceted structural history, imposing dimensions and some structural issues observed at the present. The ancient builders used the tie-rods during the construction. Original tie-rods are still present in both longitudinal and transversal direction of the Duomo di Milano, which makes understanding its structural system challenging. Different techniques and fields of expertise were used for the data acquisition: historical investigation gave important information on the tie-rods origin, their structural purpose and the construction process of the Cathedral; the wide experimental campaign included visual inspection, material characterization, and dynamic tests on the original ties and contributed to the understanding of the structural system. Relevant aspects for the study of the Cathedral’s structural behaviour were addressed and various approaches were used, such as the limit analysis and Finite Element Modelling (FEM). The dynamic testing campaign confirmed that the tie-rods in the Duomo di Milano are active members, carrying part of the lateral thrust, as suggested by the historical research and structural analysis in the present work. Moreover, the axial tensile force was estimated for the largest portion of tie-rods in the Cathedral and was combined with graphic static analysis employing limit analysis for a representative bay of the Cathedral. Graphic static analysis gave one of the possible equilibrium solutions for the structure of the Duomo di Milano. Another solution was found using sophisticate FEM model, which took into account damage in masonry and simulated different construction stages of the Cathedral. Including structural history in the numerical analysis showed to be one of the essential aspects for understanding tie-rod’s behaviour in the past and present, so as for producing reliable results. In case of a cathedral with active tie-rods, as the Duomo di Milano, disregarding construction stages could underestimate current stress in the tie-rods for about 50%. The method for combining different approaches used in the present work resulted in understanding the structural system of a cathedral with tie-rods, but developed concepts can be applied to similar hyperstatic structures.
La presente ricerca studia il comportamento strutturale delle costruzioni storiche con catene. La conservazione e manutenzione degli edifici con importanza storica includono la necessità di garantire una sufficiente capacità portante nei confronti di differenti azioni. Questo è un compito impegnativo quando si tratta di strutture murarie storiche che sono caratterizzati da un complesso sistema strutturale iperstatico. Anche se attualmente esistono studi approfonditi sulle strutture storiche in muratura che non presentano catene come parte permanente della loro struttura, vi è un numero limitato di studi su cattedrali gotiche con catene. In elli alle spinte laterali si oppone un’azione combinata tra questi elementi, pennacchi e contrafforti. La loro analisi non è quindi semplice perché è difficile stimare quale parte della spinta è contrastata da ciascuno di questi elementi. La tesi si propone di investigare come diversi approcci possono essere combinati verso la comprensione del comportamento strutturale delle costruzioni in muratura con catene. Si sviluppa, inoltre, un metodo per la stima dell’attuale stato tensionale presente in tali strutture storiche. In particolare, per il caso studio del Duomo di Milano (Duomo di Milano) è stato impiegato un continuo processo di acquisizione dei dati, l'analisi del comportamento strutturale, la diagnosi e la valutazione della sicurezza. Questo importante monumento è stato scelto nell’ambito della presente ricerca per la sua storia strutturale multiforme, per le sue dimensioni imponenti e per alcuni problemi strutturali osservati allo stato attuale. Inoltre, per la sua costruzione sono state utilizate catene, che sono ancora presenti in entrambe le direzioni (longitudinale e trasversale) del Duomo. Tecniche e campi di esperienza diversi sono stati utilizzati per l'acquisizione dei dati: l’indagine storica ha fornito importanti informazioni sull'origine delle catene, sul loro ruolo strutturale e sul processo di costruzione della Cattedrale; l'ampia campagna sperimentale ha compreso l'ispezione visiva, la caratterizzazione dei materiali e prove dinamiche sui legami originali e ha contribuito alla comprensione del sistema strutturale. In particolare, sono stati affrontati aspetti rilevanti per lo studio del comportamento strutturale del Duomo, impiegando vari approcci, come l'analisi limite ed il Metodo degli Elementi Finite (FEM). La campagna di prove dinamiche ha confermato che i tiranti nel Duomo di Milano sono elementi attivi, portando parte della spinta laterale, come suggerito dalla ricerca storica e dall’analisi strutturale nel presente lavoro. Inoltre, è stata stimata la forza di trazione assiale in catene della Cattedrale ed i risultati sono stati combinati con l'analisi statica grafica utilizzando l’analisi limite su una sezione rappresentativa della Cattedrale che ha dato una delle possibili soluzioni di equilibrio per la struttura del Duomo di Milano. Un'altra soluzione è stata trovata con un sofisticato modello FEM che ha preso in considerazione il danno nella muratura, attraverso il quale sono state simulate diverse fasi costruttive della Cattedrale. La considerazione della storia strutturale nell'analisi numerica ha mostrato di essere uno degli aspetti essenziali per la comprensione del comportamento delle catene in passato e nel presente, così come per la produzione di risultati affidabili. Nel caso di una cattedrale con tiranti attivi, come il Duomo di Milano, trascurare le fasi costruttive porta ad una sottostima del reale stato tensionale nei tiranti per circa di 50%. Il metodo per combinare diversi approcci utilizzato nel presente lavoro ha portato nella comprensione del sistema strutturale di una cattedrale con tiranti, ed ha permesso di sviluppare i concetti che possono essere applicati a strutture iperstatiche simili.
A multidisciplinary approach for the structural assessment of historical constructions with tie-rods
VASIC, MIRA
Abstract
The present research studies the structural behaviour of historical constructions with tie-rods. Preservation and maintenance of buildings with heritage value include ensuring their sufficient bearing capacity against different loads. This is a challenging task when dealing with historical masonry structures that are characterized with a complex hyperstatic structural system. While currently there are extensive studies on masonry historical structures having no tie-rods as a permanent part of their structure, there is a limited number of studies on Gothic cathedrals with tie-rods where lateral thrusts are resisted by a combined action between tie-rods, spandrels and buttresses. Their analysis is therefore not straightforward because it is difficult to estimate what portion of the thrust is resisted by each of these elements. The thesis proposes how different approaches can be combined towards understanding the structural behaviour of masonry constructions with tie-rods. It also develops a methodology for estimating current state of the stress in such historical structures. In particular, a continuous process of data acquisition, analysis of structural behaviour, diagnosis and safety evaluation was employed for the case study of Milan’s cathedral (Duomo di Milano). This remarkable monument was chosen in the present research due to its multifaceted structural history, imposing dimensions and some structural issues observed at the present. The ancient builders used the tie-rods during the construction. Original tie-rods are still present in both longitudinal and transversal direction of the Duomo di Milano, which makes understanding its structural system challenging. Different techniques and fields of expertise were used for the data acquisition: historical investigation gave important information on the tie-rods origin, their structural purpose and the construction process of the Cathedral; the wide experimental campaign included visual inspection, material characterization, and dynamic tests on the original ties and contributed to the understanding of the structural system. Relevant aspects for the study of the Cathedral’s structural behaviour were addressed and various approaches were used, such as the limit analysis and Finite Element Modelling (FEM). The dynamic testing campaign confirmed that the tie-rods in the Duomo di Milano are active members, carrying part of the lateral thrust, as suggested by the historical research and structural analysis in the present work. Moreover, the axial tensile force was estimated for the largest portion of tie-rods in the Cathedral and was combined with graphic static analysis employing limit analysis for a representative bay of the Cathedral. Graphic static analysis gave one of the possible equilibrium solutions for the structure of the Duomo di Milano. Another solution was found using sophisticate FEM model, which took into account damage in masonry and simulated different construction stages of the Cathedral. Including structural history in the numerical analysis showed to be one of the essential aspects for understanding tie-rod’s behaviour in the past and present, so as for producing reliable results. In case of a cathedral with active tie-rods, as the Duomo di Milano, disregarding construction stages could underestimate current stress in the tie-rods for about 50%. The method for combining different approaches used in the present work resulted in understanding the structural system of a cathedral with tie-rods, but developed concepts can be applied to similar hyperstatic structures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/100384