The Gait Analysis (GA) is an important method used to obtain objective informations about the kinematic, the kinetic and the space-temporal parameters of the gait of a subject; moreover, in scientific literature, it was demonstrated that the GA allows to obtain important informations to evaluate functional limitations, caused by pathology, to identify the best treatment for the patient, and to analyse the effects of the therapeutic intervention in time. However, the GA gives a high number of graphics and parameters, for which the interpretation isn’t simple and immediate. As a result, from 2000 many concise index were developed; they were used, in association of GA, to provide a single number or few values. These numbers enable to quantify the degree of the deviation from the normal gait, to give the level of pathology severity and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. At the present state of art, the almost totality of the concise indices is based on space-temporal and/or kinematic parameters; only the Hip Flexor Index (HFI) and the Gait Deviation Index-Kinetic (GDI-Kinetic) implement kinetic data. Today the Gait Profile Score (GPS) seems to be the best because it results to be independent from the analysis feature, thus independent from the pathology, and because it is composed by the Gait Variable Score (GVS) which give a deeper view on the variables that contribute to the GPS increase, thus to the functional limitation. Because of the interest of the clinicians to have kinetic parameters, the purpose of this study is to develop concise indices all based on kinetic data. These indices are place side by side to the GPS and they use the same calculation method of the GPS. It was evaluated if the new indices were able to characterize children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), and if they were sensitive to quantify the changes in gait after the surgery. To implement these indices and to define the normality of reference, it was examined, as control group (CG), 12 children without pathology with mean age of 7.6 years (st. dev.= 2.2) whose the data were acquired at the “Luigi Divieti” Posture and Movement Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering of Politecnico of Milan. The group of pathological subjects consist of 15 children with cerebral palsy: 7 diplegic subjects with a mean age of 9.3 years (st. dev.= 3.4) and 8 hemiplegic patients with a mean age of 7.3 years (st. dev.= 2.8); the data of these subjects were acquired at the Movement Analysis Laboratory of IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana” (Tosinvest Sanità, Rome). All pathological subjects were characterized by spasticity of the gastrocnemius muscle and they have been subjected to unique surgery of gastrocnemius fascia lengthening (modified Vulpius technique). For all the pathological subjects were analysed trials of GA in two sessions: pre-surgery (PRE) and post-surgery (POST) with an average distance in time from surgical treatment of 12.5 months (st. dev. = 2.8). For both sessions, all the following indices were calculated: the GPS-Moment, the GPS-Power and the GPS-Force. The GPS- Moment is the average of its Variable Gait Score (GVS): GVS Hip Moment, GVS Knee Moment e GVS Ankle Moment; GPS-Power is made by the average of GVS: GVS Hip Power, GVS Knee Power and GVS Ankle Power; both the GPS-Moment and the GPS- Power were calculated in the sagittal plane, while the GPS-Force, the average of the GVS Fore-after Force, the GVS Vertical Force and the GVS Medial-lateral Force, was calculated on the three cartesian planes. For each subject were analysed average of two trials of GA repeatable and complete of kinematics and kinetics. The data obtained were analysed using appropriate statistical analysis. In diplegic it was obtained a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.75 ± 0:35 [Ns/kg]; POST: 3.05 ± 0.25 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) of -35.8%, also all the GVS-Moment have had a significant improvement (p <0.05): -28.6% for the hip joint, -33.3% for the knee joint, and -47.1% for the ankle. For these subjects the GVS-Power on the ankle joint has had a significant improvement amounting to -7.4%. In the limbs of pathological hemiplegic it was obtained a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 5.70 ± 0.50 [Ns/kg]; POST: 2:27 ± 0:08 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) of -60.2%, also all the GVS-Moment have had a significant improvement (p <0.05): -65.3% for the hip joint, -63.6% for the knee joint, and -49.2% for the ankle joint. Still for the pathological limbs of hemiplegic subjects GPS-Power has recorded a significant improvement (PRE: 1.88 ± 0.75 [N/kg]; POST: 0:51 ± 0:04 [N/kg]; p <0.05) equal to -72.9%, and even individual GVS-Power has showed a significant improvement (p <0.05) of -77.8% for the hip, of -82.1% for the knee, and -10.1% for the ankle. In the healthy limbs of hemiplegic it was found a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.95 ± 1.31 [Ns/kg]; POST: 3.25 ± 0:19 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) equal to -34.3%, also the GVS-Moment has showed a significant improvement (p <0.05) of -18.5% for the hip joint and -47.8% for the ankle joint. The GPS-Power, still for the healthy limbs of hemiplegic, has showed a significant improvement (PRE: 4.85 ± 1.90 [N/kg]; POST: 4.85 ± 1.66 [N / kg]; p <0.05) of -10.31% . Both in the diplegic subjects and in the pathological and healthy limbs of hemiplegic, patients it was not showed any significant improvement for the GPS-Force. From the results obtained in this study, the indices GPS-Moment and GPS-Power, developed in this work, seem to be valid and sensitive indices to quantify the effect of surgical treatment, while the GPS-Force would not seem to be. The GVS-Power Hip, in the pathological limbs of hemiplegic, improves significantly after the surgery; this could be due to the fact that the hemiplegic, to advance with the pathological limb, generate more power at the hip to compensate the reduced power generated at the ankle, and after the surgery, they are able to generate more power at the ankle, reducing the power generated hip. The correlations found (p <0.05) between the GPS kinematic, in PRE, and the percentage variation of GPS kinematic confirm the scientific literature. The correlations between GVS-Moment at the ankle, in the PRE, and the percentage variation of the GVS-Moment at the ankle, were statistically significant (p <0.05) for both the diplegic and the hemiplegic patients. The correlations found between GVS-Power at the ankle joint, in PRE, and the percentage change of GVS-Power at the ankle, are statistically significant (p <0.05) for hemiplegic patients. The correlations found suggest that in subjects with greater functional limitation (higher value of the GPS) there is a greater improvement, and that the GVS allows to highlight which articulation is more compromised. In light of the obtained results it can be concluded that it has been completed a first attempt to develop concise indices, based on kinetic data, sensitive to assess the effects of surgery on the gastrocnemius muscle in children with Cerebral Palsy. Future developments of this study may involve the application to a population of far more numerous subjects, the use to evaluate the effects of other rehabilitation treatments on patients with cerebral palsy, the application to other types of diseases and the possible extension to electromyography (EMG).
La Gait Analysis (GA) è un importante metodo utilizzato per ottenere informazioni oggettive riguardanti la cinematica, la cinetica ed i parametri spazio-temporali del cammino di un soggetto; inoltre è stato largamente dimostrato, in letteratura scientifica, che la GA permette di ottenere informazioni importanti per valutare il livello di limitazione funzionale causata da patologia, identificare il trattamento ottimale per il paziente ed analizzare gli effetti nel tempo di un intervento terapeutico. Però la GA fornisce un elevato numero di grafici e parametri, la cui interpretazione non è semplice ed immediata. Di conseguenza, dal 2000, sono stati sviluppati diversi indici sintetici, utilizzati in associazione alla GA, i quali permettono, con un unico numero o un numero limitato di valori, di quantificare il grado di deviazione rispetto al cammino normale, fornendo il livello di severità della patologia e permettendo di valutare l’efficacia degli interventi terapeutici. All’attuale stato dell’arte la quasi totalità dei diversi indici sintetici si basa su parametri spazio-temporali e/o sulla cinematica; solo l’Hip Flexor Index (HFI) e il Gait Deviation Index-Kinetic (GDI-Kinetic) implementano dati relativi alla cinetica. Ad oggi, il Gait Profile Score (GPS) sembra essere l’indice sintetico migliore perché risulta essere indipendente dalla caratteristica dell’analisi, per cui indipendente della patologia in esame, e perchè attraverso i suoi Gait Variable Score (GVS), permette di avere una visione più approfondita di quali sono le variabili che contribuiscono all’aumento del valore del GPS, quindi alla limitazione funzionale. Poiché ai clinici interessa molto avere parametri di cinetica, l’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di sviluppare degli indici sintetici, tutti basati su dati di cinetica; questi indici affiancano il GPS e ne utilizzano il medesimo metodo di calcolo. Si è valutato se i nuovi indici fossero adeguati a caratterizzare soggetti affetti da Paralisi Cerebrale Infantile, e se fossero sensibili nel quantificare i cambiamenti di questi soggetti a seguito di un intervento. Al fine di implementare gli indici e definire la normalità di riferimento, è stato preso in esame, come gruppo di controllo (CG), un gruppo di soggetti costituito da 12 bambini non patologici di età media 7.6 anni (dev. st.= 2.2) i cui dati sono stati acquisiti presso il Laboratorio di Analisi di Postura e del Movimento “Luigi Divieti” del Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Bioingegneria del Politecnico di Milano. Il gruppo dei soggetti patologici è costituito da 15 bambini con Paralisi Cerebrale Infantile: 7 soggetti diplegici con età media 9.3 anni (dev. st.= 3.4) e 8 soggetti emiplegici con età media 7.3 anni (dev. st.= 2.8); questi dati sono stati acquisiti presso il Laboratorio di Analisi del Movimento dell’IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana” (Tosinvest Sanità, Roma). Tutti i soggetti patologici sono caratterizzati da spasticità del muscolo gastrocnemio e sono stati sottoposti unicamente ad intervento chirurgico di allungamento del gastrocnemio (tecnica modificata Vulpius). Per i soggetti patologici si sono analizzate prove di GA in due sessioni: pre- intervento chirurgico (PRE) e post-intervento (POST) con una distanza temporale media dal trattamento chirurgico di 12.5 mesi (dev. st. = 2.8). Per entrambe le sessioni si sono calcolati tutti gli indici: il GPS-Moment, il GPS-Power e il GPS-Force. Il GPS-Moment è dato dalla media dei suoi Gait Variable Score (GVS): GVS Hip Moment, GVS Knee Moment e GVS Ankle Moment; il GPS-Power è dato dalla media dei GVS: GVS Hip Power, GVS Knee Power e GVS ankle power; sia il GPS-Moment che il GPS-Power sono stati calcolati nel piano sagittale, mentre il GPS-Force, dato dalla media dei sui GVS Fore- after Force, GVS Vertical Force e GVS Medial-lateral Force, è stato calcolato sui tre piani cartesiani. Per ogni soggetto sono state analizzate mediamente due prove di GA ripetibili e complete di cinematica e cinetica. I dati ottenuti sono stati analizzati con opportuna analisi statistica. Nei diplegici si è ottenuto un miglioramento significativo per il GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.75 ± 0.35 [Ns/Kg]; POST: 3.05 ± 0.25 [Ns/Kg]; p < 0.05) pari a -35.8%, inoltre i GVS- Moment hanno tutti registrato un miglioramento significativo (p < 0.05): -28.6% per l’articolazione dell’anca, -33.3% per l’articolazione del ginocchio, e -47.1 % per la caviglia. Per questi soggetti il GVS-Power relativo all’articolazione della caviglia ha registrato un miglioramento significativo pari a -7.4%. Negli arti patologici degli emiplegici si è ottenuto un miglioramento significativo per il GPS-Moment (PRE: 5.70 ± 0.50 [Ns/Kg]; POST: 2.27 ± 0.08 [Ns/Kg]; p < 0.05) pari a -60.2%, inoltre i GVS-Moment hanno tutti registrato un miglioramento significativo (p < 0.05): -65.3% per l’articolazione dell’anca, -63,6% per l’articolazione del ginocchio, e -49.2% per l’articolazione della caviglia. Sempre per gli arti patologici dei soggetti emiplegici il GPS-Power ha registrato un significativo miglioramento (PRE: 1.88 ± 0.75 [N/Kg]; POST: 0.51 ± 0.04 [N/Kg]; p < 0.05) pari a -72.9%, ed anche i singoli GVS-Power hanno evidenziato un miglioramento significativo (p < 0.05) del -77.8% per l’anca, del -82.1% per il ginocchio, e del -10.1% per la caviglia. Negli arti sani degli emiplegici si è riscontrato un miglioramento significativo per il GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.95 ± 1.31 [Ns/Kg]; POST: 3.25 ± 0.19 [Ns/Kg]; p < 0.05) pari a -34.3%, inoltre i GVS-Moment hanno mostrato un miglioramento significativo (p < 0.05) del -18.5% per l’articolazione dell’anca e -47.8% per l’articolazione della caviglia. Il GPS-Power, sempre per gli arti sani degli emiplegici, ha mostrato un significativo miglioramento (PRE: 4.85 ± 1.90 [N/Kg]; POST: 4.85 ± 1.66 [N/Kg]; p < 0.05) pari a -10.31%. Sia nei i soggetti diplegici, che negli arti patologici e sani dei soggetti emiplegici non si è ottenuto alcun miglioramento significativo per il GPS- Force. Dai risultati ottenuti in questo lavoro, gli indici GPS-Moment e GPS-Power sviluppati in questo lavoro sembrano essere degli indici validi e sensibili nel quantificare l’effetto del trattamento chirurgico, mentre il GPS-Force non sembrerebbe esserlo. Il GVS-Power dell’anca, negli arti patologici degli emiplegici, migliora significativamente dopo l’intervento; questo potrebbe essere dovuto al fatto che gli emiplegici, per avanzare con l’arto patatologico, generino maggiore potenza all’anca per compensare la ridotta potenza generata alla caviglia, ed in seguito all’intervento chirurgico, riuscendo a generare più potenza alla caviglia, riducono la potenza generata all’anca. Le correlazioni trovate (p < 0.05) tra GPS kinematic, nel PRE, e la variazione % del GPS kinematic confermano la letteratura scientifica. Le correlazioni tra GVS-Moment alla caviglia, nel PRE, e la variazione % del GVS- Moment alla caviglia, sono risultate statisticamente significative (p < 0.05) sia per i diplegici e che per gli emiplegici. Le correlazioni trovate tra GVS-Power per l’articolazione della caviglia, nel PRE, e la variazione % del GVS-Power alla caviglia, sono statisticamente significative (p < 0.05) per i soggetti emiplegici. Le correlazioni trovate suggeriscono che nei soggetti, con maggiore limitazione funzionale (valore del GPS più elevato), si ha un maggiore miglioramento, e che i GVS permettono di evidenziare quale articolazione è maggiormente compromessa. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti si può concludere che si è portato a termine un primo tentativo di sviluppo di indici sintetici, basati su dati di cinetica, sensibili a valutare gli effetti di un intervento chirurgico al muscolo gastrocnemio in bambini affetti da Paralisi Cerebrale Infantile. Gli sviluppi futuri del lavoro potrebbero prevedere l’applicazione ad una popolazione ben più numerosa di soggetti, l’utilizzo per valutare gli effetti di altri trattamenti riabilitativi su soggetti con Paralisi Cerebrale Infantile, l’applicazione ad altre tipologie di patologie, e la possibile estensione all’elettromiografia (EMG).
Valutazione dei tracciati di dinamica di prove di gait analysis mediante indici sintetici : dal gait profile score kinematic al gait profile score kinetic
REDAELLI, CARLO GIUSEPPE
2013/2014
Abstract
The Gait Analysis (GA) is an important method used to obtain objective informations about the kinematic, the kinetic and the space-temporal parameters of the gait of a subject; moreover, in scientific literature, it was demonstrated that the GA allows to obtain important informations to evaluate functional limitations, caused by pathology, to identify the best treatment for the patient, and to analyse the effects of the therapeutic intervention in time. However, the GA gives a high number of graphics and parameters, for which the interpretation isn’t simple and immediate. As a result, from 2000 many concise index were developed; they were used, in association of GA, to provide a single number or few values. These numbers enable to quantify the degree of the deviation from the normal gait, to give the level of pathology severity and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. At the present state of art, the almost totality of the concise indices is based on space-temporal and/or kinematic parameters; only the Hip Flexor Index (HFI) and the Gait Deviation Index-Kinetic (GDI-Kinetic) implement kinetic data. Today the Gait Profile Score (GPS) seems to be the best because it results to be independent from the analysis feature, thus independent from the pathology, and because it is composed by the Gait Variable Score (GVS) which give a deeper view on the variables that contribute to the GPS increase, thus to the functional limitation. Because of the interest of the clinicians to have kinetic parameters, the purpose of this study is to develop concise indices all based on kinetic data. These indices are place side by side to the GPS and they use the same calculation method of the GPS. It was evaluated if the new indices were able to characterize children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), and if they were sensitive to quantify the changes in gait after the surgery. To implement these indices and to define the normality of reference, it was examined, as control group (CG), 12 children without pathology with mean age of 7.6 years (st. dev.= 2.2) whose the data were acquired at the “Luigi Divieti” Posture and Movement Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering of Politecnico of Milan. The group of pathological subjects consist of 15 children with cerebral palsy: 7 diplegic subjects with a mean age of 9.3 years (st. dev.= 3.4) and 8 hemiplegic patients with a mean age of 7.3 years (st. dev.= 2.8); the data of these subjects were acquired at the Movement Analysis Laboratory of IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana” (Tosinvest Sanità, Rome). All pathological subjects were characterized by spasticity of the gastrocnemius muscle and they have been subjected to unique surgery of gastrocnemius fascia lengthening (modified Vulpius technique). For all the pathological subjects were analysed trials of GA in two sessions: pre-surgery (PRE) and post-surgery (POST) with an average distance in time from surgical treatment of 12.5 months (st. dev. = 2.8). For both sessions, all the following indices were calculated: the GPS-Moment, the GPS-Power and the GPS-Force. The GPS- Moment is the average of its Variable Gait Score (GVS): GVS Hip Moment, GVS Knee Moment e GVS Ankle Moment; GPS-Power is made by the average of GVS: GVS Hip Power, GVS Knee Power and GVS Ankle Power; both the GPS-Moment and the GPS- Power were calculated in the sagittal plane, while the GPS-Force, the average of the GVS Fore-after Force, the GVS Vertical Force and the GVS Medial-lateral Force, was calculated on the three cartesian planes. For each subject were analysed average of two trials of GA repeatable and complete of kinematics and kinetics. The data obtained were analysed using appropriate statistical analysis. In diplegic it was obtained a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.75 ± 0:35 [Ns/kg]; POST: 3.05 ± 0.25 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) of -35.8%, also all the GVS-Moment have had a significant improvement (p <0.05): -28.6% for the hip joint, -33.3% for the knee joint, and -47.1% for the ankle. For these subjects the GVS-Power on the ankle joint has had a significant improvement amounting to -7.4%. In the limbs of pathological hemiplegic it was obtained a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 5.70 ± 0.50 [Ns/kg]; POST: 2:27 ± 0:08 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) of -60.2%, also all the GVS-Moment have had a significant improvement (p <0.05): -65.3% for the hip joint, -63.6% for the knee joint, and -49.2% for the ankle joint. Still for the pathological limbs of hemiplegic subjects GPS-Power has recorded a significant improvement (PRE: 1.88 ± 0.75 [N/kg]; POST: 0:51 ± 0:04 [N/kg]; p <0.05) equal to -72.9%, and even individual GVS-Power has showed a significant improvement (p <0.05) of -77.8% for the hip, of -82.1% for the knee, and -10.1% for the ankle. In the healthy limbs of hemiplegic it was found a significant improvement for the GPS-Moment (PRE: 4.95 ± 1.31 [Ns/kg]; POST: 3.25 ± 0:19 [Ns/kg]; p <0.05) equal to -34.3%, also the GVS-Moment has showed a significant improvement (p <0.05) of -18.5% for the hip joint and -47.8% for the ankle joint. The GPS-Power, still for the healthy limbs of hemiplegic, has showed a significant improvement (PRE: 4.85 ± 1.90 [N/kg]; POST: 4.85 ± 1.66 [N / kg]; p <0.05) of -10.31% . Both in the diplegic subjects and in the pathological and healthy limbs of hemiplegic, patients it was not showed any significant improvement for the GPS-Force. From the results obtained in this study, the indices GPS-Moment and GPS-Power, developed in this work, seem to be valid and sensitive indices to quantify the effect of surgical treatment, while the GPS-Force would not seem to be. The GVS-Power Hip, in the pathological limbs of hemiplegic, improves significantly after the surgery; this could be due to the fact that the hemiplegic, to advance with the pathological limb, generate more power at the hip to compensate the reduced power generated at the ankle, and after the surgery, they are able to generate more power at the ankle, reducing the power generated hip. The correlations found (p <0.05) between the GPS kinematic, in PRE, and the percentage variation of GPS kinematic confirm the scientific literature. The correlations between GVS-Moment at the ankle, in the PRE, and the percentage variation of the GVS-Moment at the ankle, were statistically significant (p <0.05) for both the diplegic and the hemiplegic patients. The correlations found between GVS-Power at the ankle joint, in PRE, and the percentage change of GVS-Power at the ankle, are statistically significant (p <0.05) for hemiplegic patients. The correlations found suggest that in subjects with greater functional limitation (higher value of the GPS) there is a greater improvement, and that the GVS allows to highlight which articulation is more compromised. In light of the obtained results it can be concluded that it has been completed a first attempt to develop concise indices, based on kinetic data, sensitive to assess the effects of surgery on the gastrocnemius muscle in children with Cerebral Palsy. Future developments of this study may involve the application to a population of far more numerous subjects, the use to evaluate the effects of other rehabilitation treatments on patients with cerebral palsy, the application to other types of diseases and the possible extension to electromyography (EMG).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/102342