The term “Anthropocene” connotes the current geological epoch as that in which man is the main agent of geological and ecological transformation. Some geologists have recently asserted that the amount of earth moved today by man is greater than that moved by natural processes, part of which consists of discarded fill. The magnitude of the production and movements of discarded fill began to accelerate at the beginning of the industrial revolution. The twentieth century saw an increase in waste production and of “made ground,” i.e. man-made ground constituted by different types of fill, including materials as diverse as garbage or mining waste. This phenomenon is accompanied by a growing lack of space. Within the field of urban studies, the recent concept of “planetary urbanization” emphasizes that urbanization has now reached such remote places as the atmosphere and the ocean. The magnitude of the phenomenon and the fact an ‘away’ no longer exists, accompanied by increased environmental concerns and a diffuse NIMBY syndrome, show us the importance of dealing with discarded fill. This thesis sustains the importance and the opportunity to address these materials through design. Firstly, this research aims to show that discarded fill can become an opportunity to construct significant designed landscapes, where designers can play a positive role in making such sites places of interest, within a collaborative environment and in a field that is generally the prerogative of other disciplines. In addition, it aims to individuate valuable considerations for engaging with discarded materials from a design perspective. It focuses mainly on earthy fill, and particularly on that derived from tunnel excavations and dredging operations. An unrealized project from the Venice Renaissance represents an early example of a design attitude toward these materials: an island with a little garden hill to be constructed with discarded dredged materials in the San Marco Basin, proposed by Alvise Cornaro. What does it mean to engage with discarded materials through design? How can an activity of design engage responsibly within this field? Concepts such as “planetary urbanization” and “drosscape”, underline that waste and waste sites are part of urbanization. This recognition suggests the possible value of engaging visibly with them rather than adopting the attitude that tends to push discarded materials ‘away’. The fact that today, waste disposal is planned in advance, even before waste is actually produced, suggests that there is an opportunity for designers to intervene early-on in the process, ex ante in respect to the movement of discarded fill. The possibility and type of its use is influenced by many aspects, including the type of material, the presence of contamination, and the regulatory framework. Designers should be aware of this complexity. There is also a complexity of meaning that can connote them and influence the design project. Primarily, this research individuates the legibility of the constructed essence of these designed landscapes, particularly of the ground, as an important aspect to engage with and, possibly, to communicate their identity, which is related to the significant presence of made ground. At the other end of the legibility spectrum it poses strategies that tend to hide this aspect, either by constructing ‘natural’ looking landscapes or by camouflaging the interventions with their surroundings. Legibility can be achieved in declared ways or through more subtle design solutions, as a collection of projects discussed in this research and constructed using different types of fill will show. This thesis points out that approaches that favor the legibility of the constructedness of “designed landscapes of discarded fill” and increased visibility of material placement can provide additional value to design projects. They can provide more awareness about discarded fill and a growing consideration of these landscapes. How can the designed interventions make legible or hide their constructed essence? How can the fill identity be made legible otherwise? Can discarded fill be successfully located in visible sites? What is the role of designer and the advantage of their early involvement? Three main cases will be addressed with respect to complexity, visibility, legibility, and the role of the designers. These case studies consist in designed landscapes constructed with a considerable amount of discarded fill and constitute, respectively, examples of a ‘natural’ looking landscape, a subtle designed camouflage, and design legibility. In particular, the cases considered are: - Spectacle Island Park, Boston, United States, constructed with excavated material derived from the construction of the Central/Artery Tunnel Project, designed by Brown, Richardson + Rowe; - Sigirino Depot, Sigirino, Switzerland, built with excavated materials derived from the construction of the AlpTransit Ceneri Base Tunnel, designed by Atelier Girot; - Parque do Tejo and Trancão, Lisbon/Loures, Portugal, developed during EXPO’98 and constructed with dredged materials and fill derived from a construction yard, designed by PROAP/Hargreaves. This thesis aims to show that discarded materials can be turned “from waste to resource”, from discarded fill to designed landscape. It also attempts to show the complexity of the field, to address the role of designers, to show these landscapes can be successfully developed in visible positions, to highlight how legibility or concealment can be achieved, and to identify other strategies for conveying fill identity.
Il termine “Antropocene” identifica l’attuale epoca come quella in cui l’uomo è il principale agente responsabile delle trasformazioni geologiche ed ecologiche. Alcuni geologi hanno asserito che oggi la quantità di terra spostata dall’uomo è maggiore rispetto a quella spostata da processi naturali; parte di questa consiste in materiale di scarto di altre operazioni. La produzione e lo spostamento di terra e di rifiuti inizia ad incrementare con la rivoluzione industriale. Il ventesimo secolo ha visto un’accelerazione della produzione di materiale scartato e di suolo artificiale: terreno costituito da diversi tipi di materiali, inclusi, ad esempio, spazzatura o rifiuti minerari. Questo fenomeno è accompagnato da una crescente mancanza di spazio. Nel campo degli studi urbani, il concetto recente di “planetary urbanization” evidenzia che l’urbanizzazione ha raggiunto luoghi remoti come l’atmosfera o l’oceano. La rilevanza della produzione di materiali di scarto, il fatto che non vi sia un “altrove” in cui depositarli, associati ad una crescente preoccupazione verso i problemi ambientali e la presenza di una diffusa sindrome NIMBY, mostrano l’importanza di interessarsene. Questa tesi sostiene la rilevanza e l’opportunità di occuparsene attraverso la progettazione. La tesi mostra che i materiali di scarto possono costituire un’opportunità per costruire paesaggi significativi e che il progettista può giocare un ruolo positivo nel renderli dei luoghi di interesse, muovendosi in un ambiente fortemente collaborativo e in un campo solitamente appannaggio di altre discipline. Vuole inoltre individuare considerazioni utili da un punto di vista progettuale. Principalmente, il focus concerne materiali scartati di tipo terroso, in particolare quelli derivati dalla realizzazione di tunnel e da operazioni di dragaggio. Un progetto irrealizzato di Alvise Cornaro, durante il Rinascimento a Venezia, rappresenta un primo esempio progettuale che tratta questi materiali. Cornaro propose un’isola con una piccola collina-giardino da realizzarsi nel Bacino di San Marco con materiale proveniente dal dragaggio dei canali della città. Cosa significa occuparsi di materiali di scarto attraverso la progettazione? Come può un’attività progettuale muoversi responsabilmente in questo campo? Concetti come “planetary urbanization” e “drosscape” evidenziano come il rifiuto e i luoghi dello scarto siano parte dell’urbanizzazione. Questo riconoscimento, suggerisce il possibile valore nell’ utilizzare questi materiali in posizioni visibili, senza necessariamente allontanarli. Il fatto che oggi lo smaltimento dei rifiuti sia pianificato in anticipo, addirittura prima che il rifiuto stesso sia prodotto, suggerisce l’opportunità per i progettisti di intervenire nelle fasi iniziali del processo (ex-ante). La possibilità e il tipo di uso sono influenzati da molte varianti, tra cui: la tipologia del materiale, la presenza di contaminazione ed anche dagli aspetti legislativi. Il progettista dovrà essere consapevole della complessità, anche in termini di significato, che può condizionare il progetto. La leggibilità dell’essenza costruita dei paesaggi progettati con materiale di scarto, in particolare del suolo che generano, è considerata come un modo per comunicare la loro identità. All’estremo opposto della leggibilità si posizionano strategie che tendono a nascondere l’essenza costruita, costituendo paesaggi dall’aspetto naturale o mimetizzati con il proprio intorno. La leggibilità può essere ottenuta in modo dichiarato/didattico o con modalità sottili, come verrà mostrato attraverso una collezione di progetti realizzati con diversi tipi di materiali di scarto. La tesi sostiene che approcci tendenti a favorire la leggibilità e una maggiore visibilità in termini di posizione possano apportare un valore aggiunto al progetto, in termini di valorizzazione di questi paesaggi e di consapevolezza circa il tema e il significato dello scarto. Con quali modalità può essere resa leggibile o nascosta l’essenza costruita di questi paesaggi? Come può l’identità e la presenza del materiale di scarto essere leggibile altrimenti? Il materiale di scarto può essere utilizzato con successo in luoghi visibili? Qual è il ruolo del progettista e quale il vantaggio di un suo coinvolgimento sin dalle fasi iniziali del processo? Tre casi studio sono stati studiati in termini di complessità, visibilità, leggibilità, e analizzando il ruolo del progettista. Costituiscono paesaggi progettati e costruiti con quantità considerevole di materiale di scarto e sono rispettivamente esempi di progetti: dall’aspetto “naturale”, di mimetismo sottile e di leggibilità. In particolare: - Spectacle Island Park, Boston, Stati Uniti (un parco progettato da Brown, Richardson + Rowe, realizzato con materiali ottenuti dalla costruzione del “Central/Artery Tunnel Project” a Boston); - Deposito di Sigirino, Sigirino, Svizzera (un progetto di Atelier Girot, interamente realizzato con i materiali derivati dalla realizzazione della Galleria di Base del Monte Ceneri - AlpTransit); - Parco del Tejo e del Trancão, Lisbona/Loures, Portogallo (progettato da PROAP/Hargreaves, sviluppato in occasione di EXPO ’98 e costruito con materiali dragati e materiali di scavo di cantiere). La tesi vuole mostrare come i materiali di scarto possano divenire una risorsa costituendo progetti significativi di paesaggio, evidenzia la complessità, affronta il ruolo del progettista e dimostra che questi paesaggi possono essere sviluppati proficuamente in posizioni visibili. Analizza come si possano ottenere la leggibilità o il nascondimento dell’essenza costruita e identifica ulteriori strategie per comunicarne l’identità.
Designed landscapes of discarded fill
GEROLDI, CHIARA
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” connotes the current geological epoch as that in which man is the main agent of geological and ecological transformation. Some geologists have recently asserted that the amount of earth moved today by man is greater than that moved by natural processes, part of which consists of discarded fill. The magnitude of the production and movements of discarded fill began to accelerate at the beginning of the industrial revolution. The twentieth century saw an increase in waste production and of “made ground,” i.e. man-made ground constituted by different types of fill, including materials as diverse as garbage or mining waste. This phenomenon is accompanied by a growing lack of space. Within the field of urban studies, the recent concept of “planetary urbanization” emphasizes that urbanization has now reached such remote places as the atmosphere and the ocean. The magnitude of the phenomenon and the fact an ‘away’ no longer exists, accompanied by increased environmental concerns and a diffuse NIMBY syndrome, show us the importance of dealing with discarded fill. This thesis sustains the importance and the opportunity to address these materials through design. Firstly, this research aims to show that discarded fill can become an opportunity to construct significant designed landscapes, where designers can play a positive role in making such sites places of interest, within a collaborative environment and in a field that is generally the prerogative of other disciplines. In addition, it aims to individuate valuable considerations for engaging with discarded materials from a design perspective. It focuses mainly on earthy fill, and particularly on that derived from tunnel excavations and dredging operations. An unrealized project from the Venice Renaissance represents an early example of a design attitude toward these materials: an island with a little garden hill to be constructed with discarded dredged materials in the San Marco Basin, proposed by Alvise Cornaro. What does it mean to engage with discarded materials through design? How can an activity of design engage responsibly within this field? Concepts such as “planetary urbanization” and “drosscape”, underline that waste and waste sites are part of urbanization. This recognition suggests the possible value of engaging visibly with them rather than adopting the attitude that tends to push discarded materials ‘away’. The fact that today, waste disposal is planned in advance, even before waste is actually produced, suggests that there is an opportunity for designers to intervene early-on in the process, ex ante in respect to the movement of discarded fill. The possibility and type of its use is influenced by many aspects, including the type of material, the presence of contamination, and the regulatory framework. Designers should be aware of this complexity. There is also a complexity of meaning that can connote them and influence the design project. Primarily, this research individuates the legibility of the constructed essence of these designed landscapes, particularly of the ground, as an important aspect to engage with and, possibly, to communicate their identity, which is related to the significant presence of made ground. At the other end of the legibility spectrum it poses strategies that tend to hide this aspect, either by constructing ‘natural’ looking landscapes or by camouflaging the interventions with their surroundings. Legibility can be achieved in declared ways or through more subtle design solutions, as a collection of projects discussed in this research and constructed using different types of fill will show. This thesis points out that approaches that favor the legibility of the constructedness of “designed landscapes of discarded fill” and increased visibility of material placement can provide additional value to design projects. They can provide more awareness about discarded fill and a growing consideration of these landscapes. How can the designed interventions make legible or hide their constructed essence? How can the fill identity be made legible otherwise? Can discarded fill be successfully located in visible sites? What is the role of designer and the advantage of their early involvement? Three main cases will be addressed with respect to complexity, visibility, legibility, and the role of the designers. These case studies consist in designed landscapes constructed with a considerable amount of discarded fill and constitute, respectively, examples of a ‘natural’ looking landscape, a subtle designed camouflage, and design legibility. In particular, the cases considered are: - Spectacle Island Park, Boston, United States, constructed with excavated material derived from the construction of the Central/Artery Tunnel Project, designed by Brown, Richardson + Rowe; - Sigirino Depot, Sigirino, Switzerland, built with excavated materials derived from the construction of the AlpTransit Ceneri Base Tunnel, designed by Atelier Girot; - Parque do Tejo and Trancão, Lisbon/Loures, Portugal, developed during EXPO’98 and constructed with dredged materials and fill derived from a construction yard, designed by PROAP/Hargreaves. This thesis aims to show that discarded materials can be turned “from waste to resource”, from discarded fill to designed landscape. It also attempts to show the complexity of the field, to address the role of designers, to show these landscapes can be successfully developed in visible positions, to highlight how legibility or concealment can be achieved, and to identify other strategies for conveying fill identity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/107302