Cities occupy approximately only 2% of earth ground, but 55% of the world population already live in urban areas. Within the European Union, cities are responsible for about 70% of the overall primary energy consumption. In this context the concept of Smart City has been the subject of increasing attention. Smart Cities are characterised by an intense use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which in various urban domains, help cities making better use of their resources. The first step of this thesis was to analyse the literature about the Smart City concept focusing on energy aspects. In particular we concentrate on buildings’ energy aspects, because they are responsible for a significant share of energy use worldwide and they are responsible for 40% of total European energy consumption and for 36% of Green House Gases (GHG) emissions. Although ICT is identified as key element of Smart Cities, it has been observed that most of the existing projects do not consider the effects of Building Automation and Control System (BACS) on buildings energy uses. They limit instead to building envelope and systems renovation, as we showed in Chapter 3, where the CONCERTO project is studied and in particular the Arquata district in Turin is analysed in detail as a reference case study. In the second part of the thesis, the different automation systems used in buildings to control heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, and solar shading have been analysed in detail. The literature analysis was followed by a practical application where we studied the effects of lighting and blind control on a kindergarten located in Milan, using the energy simulation software Energy Plus with DesignBuilder interface. The study was conducted on two different models of the building: before and after the retrofit of the opaque and transparent envelope, to observe the difference of applying an automatic control on a building with low or high energy performance. Finally the possibility to make the retrofitted kindergarten a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) was investigated, observing and discussing the differences among different calculation approaches present in the literature.
Le città occupano approssimativamente solo il 2% della superficie terrestre, ma il 55 % della popolazione vive in aree urbane. Nell’Unione Europea, le città sono responsabili di circa il 70% del consumo di energia primaria. In questo contesto il concetto di Smart City è divenuto oggetto di una sempre maggior attenzione. Le Smart Cities sono caratterizzate da un intenso uso di Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), che in diversi domini urbani aiutano le città a far miglior uso delle proprie risorse. Il primo passo di questa tesi è stato analizzare la letteratura riguardo il concetto di Smart City focalizzandosi sugli aspetti energetici. In particolare ci si è concentrati sugli aspetti energetici degli edifici, perché sono responsabili di una parte significativa dell’uso di energia in tutto il mondo e sono responsabili del 40% del consumo energetico europeo e del 36% delle emissioni di gas serra (GHG). Sebbene l’ICT è identificato come un elemento chiave per le Smart Cities, è stato osservato come la maggior parte dei progetti esistenti non considera l’effetto dei Building Automation and Control System (BACS) sugli usi energetici degli edifici. La maggior parte dei progetti in corso si limitava infatti, al rinnovamento dell’involucro e degli impianti degli edifici escludendo l’uso di sistemi di controllo automatici avanzati, come mostrato nel Capitolo 3, dove il progetto CONCERTO è stato analizzato accuratamente. In particolare si è scelto come caso studio di riferimento il distretto Arquata di Torino per il quale era disponibile un maggior numero di dati. Nella seconda parte della tesi i differenti sistemi di automazione usati negli edifici per controllare riscaldamento, raffrescamento, illuminazione, ventilazione, ombreggiamento solare sono stati studiati in dettaglio. L’analisi della letteratura è stata seguita da una applicazione pratica dove abbiamo studiato gli effetti del controllo di illuminazione e schermature solari su un asilo di Milano, utilizzando il software Energy Plus con interfaccia DesignBuilder. Lo studio è stato condotto su due differenti modelli dell’edificio: prima e dopo la ristrutturazione dell’involucro opaco e trasparente, per osservare le differenze di una possibile applicazione di un sistema di controllo automatico su un edificio a basse o ad alte performance energetiche. Infine la possibilità di rendere l’asilo ristrutturato uno Zero Energy Building (ZEB) è stata investigata, osservando e discutendo le differenze tra i diversi approcci di calcolo presenti in letteratura.
The effect of automatic control on building energy use for a smart city
PROSDOCIMI, LUCA
2013/2014
Abstract
Cities occupy approximately only 2% of earth ground, but 55% of the world population already live in urban areas. Within the European Union, cities are responsible for about 70% of the overall primary energy consumption. In this context the concept of Smart City has been the subject of increasing attention. Smart Cities are characterised by an intense use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which in various urban domains, help cities making better use of their resources. The first step of this thesis was to analyse the literature about the Smart City concept focusing on energy aspects. In particular we concentrate on buildings’ energy aspects, because they are responsible for a significant share of energy use worldwide and they are responsible for 40% of total European energy consumption and for 36% of Green House Gases (GHG) emissions. Although ICT is identified as key element of Smart Cities, it has been observed that most of the existing projects do not consider the effects of Building Automation and Control System (BACS) on buildings energy uses. They limit instead to building envelope and systems renovation, as we showed in Chapter 3, where the CONCERTO project is studied and in particular the Arquata district in Turin is analysed in detail as a reference case study. In the second part of the thesis, the different automation systems used in buildings to control heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, and solar shading have been analysed in detail. The literature analysis was followed by a practical application where we studied the effects of lighting and blind control on a kindergarten located in Milan, using the energy simulation software Energy Plus with DesignBuilder interface. The study was conducted on two different models of the building: before and after the retrofit of the opaque and transparent envelope, to observe the difference of applying an automatic control on a building with low or high energy performance. Finally the possibility to make the retrofitted kindergarten a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) was investigated, observing and discussing the differences among different calculation approaches present in the literature.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/107764