Railway vehicle is composed of many different elements, from which some are critical from safety point of view. One of such kind of elements are the axles, thus special attention to their health needs to be paid. They are mechanical components working under effects of rotating bending at high number of cycles. To prevent failure of the axles working under this demanding conditions, periodical inspections needs to be performed. Due to the lack of information about the state of the axle during its operation the inspections are scheduled periodically on time or kilometer basis, which can cause either money loss for operator in case of unnecessary check (no problems found) or serious accident in case of axle failure due to overcome its critical condition before planned inspection. In this work analysis of possible application of axle bending vibration measurement as a online method for monitoring the structural integrity of railway axles is presented. After an examination of the State of The Art, results of full scale tests performed on cracked axles are presented, showing the feasibility of this monitoring approach. Next, a Finite Element model of the rotating cracked axle is developed and used to investigate the size of recognizable defects together with the effect of various sources of disturbance, namely track irregularity and wheel out-of-roundness. The final results of the research showed that the increasing vibration signal components (mainly 1xRev and 2xRev) are promising indicators of axle fault development and they can be fruitfully measured and monitored by proposed system. The increase of vibration components amplitudes was reaching up to ten times the values recorded when no crack was existing in the axle. The level of vibration components and knowledge about possible crack growth rate in railway axle allows to assume that low frequency vibration (LFV) method can provide diagnostic information during service of railway vehicle, also when wheels are undergoing degradation process, thus developing greater out of roundness profiles which are introducing additional excitation in measured system.
Il veicolo ferroviario è costituito da diversi component tra i quali alcuni critici per la sicurezza del veicolo. Gli assi sono uno di questi componenti critici, pertanto è necessario prestare continua attenzione al loro stato. Gli assi sono dei componenti meccanici che, durante il loro funzionamento, sono soggetti a una flessione rotante ad elevato numero di cicli. Al fine di prevenire danneggiamenti agli assi sono necessarie ispezioni periodiche. Data la mancanza di un monitoraggio degli assi durante il loro esercizio vengono programmate ispezioni periodiche: fissate dopo un certo numero di chilometri percorsi ed ad ogni periodo; questo può comportare un costo eccessivo se il controllo viene effettuato quando non è necessario (ovvero se non sussistono problemi agli assi), oppure posso provocare seri incidenti in caso di danneggiamento degli assi dovuto alla mancata ispezione o all’ispezione ritardata. In questo lavoro vengono analizzate possibili tecniche di misura delle vibrazioni delle flessioni degli assile basate su metodi di monitoraggio online che osservano l’integrità strutturale degli assi ferroviari. Dopo un’analisi dello stato dell’arte sono stati presentati dei test completi eseguiti su assi incrinati mostrando la fattibilità del metodo di monitoraggio proposto. Successivamente è stato sviluppato un modello agli elementi finiti degli assi incrinati che è stato utilizzato per investigare la dimensione dei difetti e l’effetto di diverse fonti di disturbo, chiamate irregolarità del profilo dei binari e ruote fuori rotondità. I risultati finali dell’attività di ricerca mostrano che l’aumento della componenti vibrazioni (principalmente 1xRev e 2xRev) sono buoni indicatori di danneggiamento agli assi e possono essere proficuamente misurati e monitorati tramite il metodo proposto. L’aumento dell’ampiezza delle componenti vibrazioni raggiunse un valore pari a 10 volte il valore registrato in una condizione senza incrinature sugli assi. Il livello della componente vibrazione e le informazioni riguardanti il possibile aumento del tasso di crescita delle incrinature consente di assumere che il metodo LFV può fornire informazioni di diagnostica durante l’esercizio dei veicoli ferroviari, anche quando le ruote sono sottoposte ad un processo di degrado, ovvero sviluppando elevati profili di fuori rotondità che introducono un’eccitazione addizionale nei sistemi misurati.
Low Frequency Vibrations analysis as a method for condition based monitoring system for railway axles
ROLEK, PAWEL
Abstract
Railway vehicle is composed of many different elements, from which some are critical from safety point of view. One of such kind of elements are the axles, thus special attention to their health needs to be paid. They are mechanical components working under effects of rotating bending at high number of cycles. To prevent failure of the axles working under this demanding conditions, periodical inspections needs to be performed. Due to the lack of information about the state of the axle during its operation the inspections are scheduled periodically on time or kilometer basis, which can cause either money loss for operator in case of unnecessary check (no problems found) or serious accident in case of axle failure due to overcome its critical condition before planned inspection. In this work analysis of possible application of axle bending vibration measurement as a online method for monitoring the structural integrity of railway axles is presented. After an examination of the State of The Art, results of full scale tests performed on cracked axles are presented, showing the feasibility of this monitoring approach. Next, a Finite Element model of the rotating cracked axle is developed and used to investigate the size of recognizable defects together with the effect of various sources of disturbance, namely track irregularity and wheel out-of-roundness. The final results of the research showed that the increasing vibration signal components (mainly 1xRev and 2xRev) are promising indicators of axle fault development and they can be fruitfully measured and monitored by proposed system. The increase of vibration components amplitudes was reaching up to ten times the values recorded when no crack was existing in the axle. The level of vibration components and knowledge about possible crack growth rate in railway axle allows to assume that low frequency vibration (LFV) method can provide diagnostic information during service of railway vehicle, also when wheels are undergoing degradation process, thus developing greater out of roundness profiles which are introducing additional excitation in measured system.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Pawel_Rolek_PhD_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/109749