Many applications in medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering and industries rely on precise time-interval measurements, in order to reconstruct very-low intensity and ultra-fast (at picosecond level) optical waveforms. In these applications, optical signals consist of just few photons per event, and the discrete nature of the signal itself prohibits any analog acquisition. In many cases signals are also very fast, therefore a photodetector with very wide bandwidth is required, if analog sampling is employed. To overcome these limitations, the reconstruction of ultra-fast, time-resolved optical waveforms is carried out by means of the Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) technique, which is based on the detection of single photons composing the optical signal of interest together with the measurement of their arrival time. The general requirements of TCSPC systems are very demanding: the single photon detector has to provide high detection efficiency (better than 50%), low noise (less than 100 counts per second), large active areas (at least 50 µm diameter) and low timing jitter (tens of picoseconds at the most), while the time-measurement resolution of the systems has to be very good (tens of picoseconds or better) with very low differential nonlinearity (DNL around 1% LSB or better). Some TCSPC modules are commercially available, but most of them are bulky and consume large amount of power, thus limiting the development of multichannel systems to just one or very few channels. On the other hand, dense arrays of single photon detectors and time-measurement circuits have been developed, in order to match the specifications of more and more applications demanding high number of parallel channels, for reducing the overall analysis time overhead. However those arrays reach neither the resolution nor the linearity required by most TCSPC applications. My PhD research activity aimed at designing and developing new state-of-the-art, multi-channel TCSPC instrumentation, with reduced power consumption and dimensions, for overcoming current TCSPC systems' limits. The first goal was to develop a single-channel time measurement systems suitable for exploiting the TCSPC technique at best, starting from the time measurement core itself. I selected a time-to-digital converter (TDC) developed at Politecnico di Milano, which is able to provide top-level performance and presents an architecture suitable for parallelization as arrays of TDC. My first activity consisted in validation and test of the employed TDC in real TCSPC applications, (e.g. optical time-domain reflectometer and fluorescence lifetime measurements). The following step was the development of multi-channel, low-power TDC systems, starting from conceiving a novel board, the TDC card, able to exploit the TDC IC performance with low power consumption and form factor suitable for easily integrate it into multi-channel instruments or even as a building block into other O.E.M. systems. The final goal was to demonstrate and develop high-performance, extremely compact, single- and multi-channel TCSPC systems able to comprise both time measurement core and single photon detector. To this purpose, I developed a first module based a 16x1 linear array chip of CMOS SPADs and TDCs. Finally, I conceived and designed a novel, state-of-art, hand-held system able to host different single-photon detectors and the TDC chip. These modules open the way to many new applications, especially in biomedical and industrial fields, which require high performance but also a compact, portable, low power instrumentation.
Molte applicazioni in medicina, biologia, chimica, ingegneria e industria richiedono di misurare precisamente intervalli di tempo, per ricostruire segnali ottici composti da pochi fotoni per ogni evento, e in molti casi sono anche molto veloci, rendendo difficile l’utilizzo di tecniche analogiche. Per superare queste limitazioni viene utilizzata la tecnica Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC), che utilizza rivelatore a singoli fotoni e la misurazione del tempo di arrivo dei fotoni. Per realizzare sistemi TCSPC con ottime prestazioni, bisogna utilizzare rivelatori di singolo fotone con elevata efficienza, basso rumore, grande area attiva e basso jitter temporale. Anche la misurazione dei tempi deve avvenire con elevata risoluzione e una non-linearità differenziale molto bassa. Diversi sistemi sono disponibili commercialmente, ma sono ingombranti e presentano un elevato consumo di corrente, limitando lo sviluppo di sistemi con molti canali di acquisizione. Alternativamente, sono state sviluppate matrici di rivelatori a singoli fotoni. Esse rappresentano una buona soluzione per ottenere un alto numero di canali d’acquisizione, ma sono caratterizzati da prestazioni limitate. La mia attività di ricerca si è posta come obbiettivo la progettazione e lo sviluppo di strumentazione TCSPC multi canale innovativa e allo stato dell’arte, con ridotto consumo di potenza e dimensioni compatte. Il primo obbietto è stato lo sviluppo di un sistema di misurazione di tempi a singolo canale, basato su time-to-digital converter (TDC) precedentemente sviluppato al Politecnico di Milano. Questo sistema è in grado di raggiungere prestazioni elevate e dimostra che il TDC è adatto per misure TCSPC. Il passo successivo è stato lo sviluppo di sistemi multi canale a basso consumo di potenza, partendo dallo sviluppo di una nuova scheda in grado di utilizzare il TDC al massimo delle sue prestazioni con basso consumo e una forma opportuna per facilitarne l’integrazione in sistemi multi canali. Infine sono stati sviluppati sistemi TCSPC ad altissime prestazioni, estremamente compatti, sia a singolo che a multi canale, composti sia da TDC che SPAD. Questi moduli permetto e facilitano l’utilizzo della tecnica TCSPC per nuove applicazioni, specialmente in ambito biomedicale, dove oltre alle prestazioni è richiesta compattezza, trasportabilità e basso consumo.
Time measurement instrumentation for Single-Photon Counting applications
TAMBORINI, DAVIDE
Abstract
Many applications in medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering and industries rely on precise time-interval measurements, in order to reconstruct very-low intensity and ultra-fast (at picosecond level) optical waveforms. In these applications, optical signals consist of just few photons per event, and the discrete nature of the signal itself prohibits any analog acquisition. In many cases signals are also very fast, therefore a photodetector with very wide bandwidth is required, if analog sampling is employed. To overcome these limitations, the reconstruction of ultra-fast, time-resolved optical waveforms is carried out by means of the Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) technique, which is based on the detection of single photons composing the optical signal of interest together with the measurement of their arrival time. The general requirements of TCSPC systems are very demanding: the single photon detector has to provide high detection efficiency (better than 50%), low noise (less than 100 counts per second), large active areas (at least 50 µm diameter) and low timing jitter (tens of picoseconds at the most), while the time-measurement resolution of the systems has to be very good (tens of picoseconds or better) with very low differential nonlinearity (DNL around 1% LSB or better). Some TCSPC modules are commercially available, but most of them are bulky and consume large amount of power, thus limiting the development of multichannel systems to just one or very few channels. On the other hand, dense arrays of single photon detectors and time-measurement circuits have been developed, in order to match the specifications of more and more applications demanding high number of parallel channels, for reducing the overall analysis time overhead. However those arrays reach neither the resolution nor the linearity required by most TCSPC applications. My PhD research activity aimed at designing and developing new state-of-the-art, multi-channel TCSPC instrumentation, with reduced power consumption and dimensions, for overcoming current TCSPC systems' limits. The first goal was to develop a single-channel time measurement systems suitable for exploiting the TCSPC technique at best, starting from the time measurement core itself. I selected a time-to-digital converter (TDC) developed at Politecnico di Milano, which is able to provide top-level performance and presents an architecture suitable for parallelization as arrays of TDC. My first activity consisted in validation and test of the employed TDC in real TCSPC applications, (e.g. optical time-domain reflectometer and fluorescence lifetime measurements). The following step was the development of multi-channel, low-power TDC systems, starting from conceiving a novel board, the TDC card, able to exploit the TDC IC performance with low power consumption and form factor suitable for easily integrate it into multi-channel instruments or even as a building block into other O.E.M. systems. The final goal was to demonstrate and develop high-performance, extremely compact, single- and multi-channel TCSPC systems able to comprise both time measurement core and single photon detector. To this purpose, I developed a first module based a 16x1 linear array chip of CMOS SPADs and TDCs. Finally, I conceived and designed a novel, state-of-art, hand-held system able to host different single-photon detectors and the TDC chip. These modules open the way to many new applications, especially in biomedical and industrial fields, which require high performance but also a compact, portable, low power instrumentation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/113622