Polybutadiene (BR) is a synthetic rubber which is produced through solution polymerization. BR is commercially produced in two main forms: one containing 1,4-cis repeating unit levels around 40%, which is called low-cis BR, and one with levels that range from 92 to 98%, called high-cis BR. High cis- polybutadiene is widely used (such as in blending with natural rubber or other rubbers) for producing tires due to its high resistance to abrasion and cut growth. The capability of high cis BR to crystallize under stretching as a consequence of its high stereoregularity is another material characteristic that justify its use in the tire industry. It is known that strain induced crystallization (SIC) affects the material’s mechanical properties modifying its tensile strength, fracture and fatigue behavior. Structural variations of the high-cis BR (variations in the content of monomer units in the 1,4-cis configuration, variation in the molecular weight and the degree of polydispersity, branching, …) are proposed in polymer factories in order to produce material that are easy to be processed and, at the same time, able to assure the desired final product performance. For example, it is known that a low polydispersity and a high linearity of the polymer chains improve the processability of high cis BR, at the same time ensuring a low rolling resistance in the final product. In this thesis, we have been conducted a study of the mechanical behavior of a series of high-cis polybutadienes, different in the content of monomer units in the 1,4-cis configuration, in their molecular weight and the degree of polydispersity, in order to evaluate which structural parameter, among those considered, primarily affects the mechanical response of the material, in relation to the capacity of the polybutadiene to crystallize under stretch. The effect of the presence of natural rubber (NR) on the mechanical behavior of blends of natural rubber/polybutadiene has been considered the object of study of this thesis, extending also to the mechanical characterization of NR/BR blends prepared with the different types of high cis polybutadiene. The mechanical behavior of materials has been evaluated both at low strain, at fracture and both has been linked to the structure of materials and the strain induced crystallization. For this purpose, a preliminary thermal characterization of the materials was performed that has allowed to highlight the effects of the microstructure of the polybutadiene on its ability to crystallize and how this is influenced by the presence of the natural rubber. Moreover, through X-rays diffraction and IR spectroscopy analysis it was possible to evaluate the different orientability and crystallizability induced by the deformation of the materials studied that, as is known, influence the fracture behavior.
Il Polibutadiene (BR) è una gomma sintetica prodotta attraverso un processo di polimerizzazione in soluzione. Commercialmente si distinguono due principali categorie di BR, una chiamata “low-cis BR”, con un contenuto di unità monomeriche in configurazione 1,4-cis pari a circa il 40%, e una denominata “high-cis BR” con contenuto di unità monomeriche in configurazione 1,4-cis intorno al 92-98%. Il polibutadiene ad alto cis è ampiamente utilizzato (tal quale o in mescole con gomma naturale o altri elastomeri) per la produzione di pneumatici per la sua elevata resistenza all'abrasione e alla lacerazione. La sua capacità di cristallizzare se sollecitato in trazione, dovuta alla sua elevata stereoregolarità, è una caratteristica del BR che ne giustifica l'impiego nell'industria dei pneumatici: la cristallizzazione indotta dalla deformazione (SIC) influenza infatti il comportamento meccanico del materiale, aumentando, ad esempio, la sua resistenza a frattura e comportando un miglioramento del comportamento a fatica. Variazioni strutturali del BR ad alto cis (variazioni del contenuto di unità monomeriche in configurazione 1,4-cis, variazioni nella massa molecolare e nel grado di polidispersità, ramificazioni, …) sono proposte dall’industria chimica al fine di produrre materiali che siano facili da lavorare e, allo stesso tempo, in grado di garantire le prestazioni finali del prodotto: è noto, ad esempio, che una bassa polidispersità e una elevata linearità della catena polimerica migliorano la processabilità dell’high cis BR, assicurando allo stesso tempo una bassa resistenza al rotolamento nel prodotto finale quale è uno pneumatico. In questo lavoro di tesi è stato condotto uno studio del comportamento meccanico di una serie di polibutadieni ad alto cis, differenti nel contenuto di unità monomeriche in configurazione 1,4-cis, nella loro massa molecolare e nel grado di polidispersità, al fine di valutare quale parametro strutturale, tra quelli considerati, influenza prevalentemente la risposta meccanica del materiale, in relazione alla capacità del polibutadiene di cristallizzare sotto stiro. L’effetto della presenza di gomma naturale (NR) sul comportamento meccanico di mescole gomma naturale/polibutadiene è stato oggetto di studio di questa tesi, estendendo la caratterizzazione meccanica anche a mescole NR/BR preparate con i diversi tipi di polibutadiene ad alto cis considerati. Il comportamento meccanico dei materiali è stato valutato sia alle piccole deformazioni, sia a frattura ed è stato correlato alla struttura dei materiali e alle modifiche indotte dalla deformazione. A questo scopo è stata condotta una preliminare caratterizzazione termica dei materiali che ha permesso di evidenziare gli effetti della microstruttura del polibutadiene sulla sua capacità a cristallizzare e come questa sia influenzata dalla presenza della gomma naturale. Inoltre, attraverso misure di diffrazione di raggi X e spettroscopia IR è stato possibile valutare la differente orientabilità e cristallizzabilità indotte dalla deformazione dei materiali studiati che, come noto, ne influenzano il comportamento a frattura.
Study of the mechanical behavior of high cis-polybutadiene rubber: structure to property correlation
MOHAMMAD POOR, SHAHRAM
Abstract
Polybutadiene (BR) is a synthetic rubber which is produced through solution polymerization. BR is commercially produced in two main forms: one containing 1,4-cis repeating unit levels around 40%, which is called low-cis BR, and one with levels that range from 92 to 98%, called high-cis BR. High cis- polybutadiene is widely used (such as in blending with natural rubber or other rubbers) for producing tires due to its high resistance to abrasion and cut growth. The capability of high cis BR to crystallize under stretching as a consequence of its high stereoregularity is another material characteristic that justify its use in the tire industry. It is known that strain induced crystallization (SIC) affects the material’s mechanical properties modifying its tensile strength, fracture and fatigue behavior. Structural variations of the high-cis BR (variations in the content of monomer units in the 1,4-cis configuration, variation in the molecular weight and the degree of polydispersity, branching, …) are proposed in polymer factories in order to produce material that are easy to be processed and, at the same time, able to assure the desired final product performance. For example, it is known that a low polydispersity and a high linearity of the polymer chains improve the processability of high cis BR, at the same time ensuring a low rolling resistance in the final product. In this thesis, we have been conducted a study of the mechanical behavior of a series of high-cis polybutadienes, different in the content of monomer units in the 1,4-cis configuration, in their molecular weight and the degree of polydispersity, in order to evaluate which structural parameter, among those considered, primarily affects the mechanical response of the material, in relation to the capacity of the polybutadiene to crystallize under stretch. The effect of the presence of natural rubber (NR) on the mechanical behavior of blends of natural rubber/polybutadiene has been considered the object of study of this thesis, extending also to the mechanical characterization of NR/BR blends prepared with the different types of high cis polybutadiene. The mechanical behavior of materials has been evaluated both at low strain, at fracture and both has been linked to the structure of materials and the strain induced crystallization. For this purpose, a preliminary thermal characterization of the materials was performed that has allowed to highlight the effects of the microstructure of the polybutadiene on its ability to crystallize and how this is influenced by the presence of the natural rubber. Moreover, through X-rays diffraction and IR spectroscopy analysis it was possible to evaluate the different orientability and crystallizability induced by the deformation of the materials studied that, as is known, influence the fracture behavior.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/114507