The overall goal of the project of this thesis was the use of aminoglycosides for 1) the development of new multifunctional gene delivery vectors, 2) the development of new multivalent carriers for drug delivery and 3) the synthesis of a collection of new antibiotics. In recent years new non-viral vectors for gene and drug delivery have become more and more important in order to overcome the use of viral vectors, due to their potential dangerous drawbacks, and facilitate drug entery into cells. In this experimental work, different kind of non-viral vectors for gene delivery studies were synthesized, using dendrimeric, lipidic and hybrid lipidic-dendrimeric cationic systems grafted with aminoglycosides. Aminoglycosides are a large family of well-studied potent antibiotics. Therefore, new potential dendrimer- and lipidic-aminoglycoside conjugates were synthesized, fully characterized and tested for their ability as transfectants and their cytotoxicity. PAMAMG4-aminoglycoside conjugates were extensively studied and were identified as one of the best multifuncional non-viral vectors having optimum transfection efficiency, low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity. Cationic lipid vectors as calix[4]arene-aminoglycoside conjugates and hybrid lipo-dendrimer(n)-neomycin conjugates were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as potential multifunctional carriers. Preliminary results evidenced a good ability as tansfectants and a very low cytotoxicity, making them really applicable in gene delivery field. Guanidinoglycosides, derivatives of aminoglycosides obtained by total substitution of amino groups with guanidinium groups, have showed their great ability to promote the cellular uptake of high molecular cargos (i.e. therapeutics molecule) at namolar concentration in a heparan sulphare dependent way. We have thus used these guanidinoglycosides to graft PAMAM dendrimers obtaining new multifunctional conjugates with future applications in drug delivery field. Studies on these conjugates have shown their high cellular uptake in heparan sulphate dependent way at nM concentrations, with different mechanism of internalization. Finally, the chemistry of aminoglycosides was investigated in an innovative multicomponent domino process recently developed in our laboratories. MC reactions were not commonly used until now with aminoglicosides due to the large number of functional groups on their structure. Neverteless, this new multicomponent domino process was used to synthesize sugar-neomycin conjugates in good yields, as novel antibiotics. MICs studied have disclosed their good antibacterial activity against MRSE and E.Coli bacteria.
L’obbiettivo di questo lavoro sperimentale è basato sull’utilizzo degli aminoglicosidi per: 1) lo sviluppo di nuovi vettori multifunzionali per il gene delivery, 2) lo sviluppo di trasportatori multivalenti per il drug delivery e 3) la sintesi di nuovi antibiotici. Recentemente, i vettori non virali per il gene e drug delivery, facilitando l’entrata del DNA o farmaco nelle cellule, sono diventati sempre più importanti prevalendo sull’impiego i vettori virali. Durante queste ricerche sono stati studiati e sintetizzati diversi tipi di vettori non virali utilizzando diversi sistemi costituiti da dendrimeri, lipidi e ibridi lipido-dendrimero, a cui sono stati attaccati tramite un linker diversi aminoglicosidi. Al fine di verificare le loro abilità come transfettanti e la loro tossicità, i coniugati preparati sono stati biologicamente testati su diverse linee cellulari e i risultati hanno rivelato che i coniugati del PAMAMG4-aminoglicosidi sono i migliori vettori non virali, mostrando una alta efficienza di trasfezione e bassissima tossicità. Inoltre questi sistemi mantengono buone proprietà antibatteriche tipiche degli aminoglicosidi . Per quanto riguarda i vettori non virali cationici lipidici sono stati sintetizzati dei coniugati con calix[4]areni e aminoglicosidi, mentre per gli ibridi sono stati impiegati del lipo-dendrimeri(n) legati all’aminoglicoside neomicina B. Anche in questo caso, sono state investigate le proprietà dei coniugati come trasportatori multifunzionali e i primi risultati hanno rivelato la loro ottima applicabilità nel campo del gene delivery, grazie alla buona abilità come trasfettanti nonché la bassa citotossicità. Una classe di importati derivati degli aminoglicosidi sono i guanidinoglicodisi ottenuti per totale sostituzione dei gruppi amminici con i gruppi guanidino. Recenti studi su questi derivati hanno dimostrato la loro grande abilità nel promuovere l’internalizzazione nelle cellule di macromolecole ad alto peso molecolare (come ad esempio enzimi e proteine), a concentrazioni nanomolari, con un meccanismo che dipende dalla interazione con heparn sulfati presenti sulla superfice delle cellule. Così sono stati sintetizzati dei vettori non virali, da utilizzare nel campo del drug delivery, utilizzando PAMAM di due generazioni diverse (G2 e G4)coniugati con i guanidinoglicosidi. I coniugati ottenuti hanno dimostrato di promuovere l’uptake cellulare di una proteina ad alto peso molecolare (streptavidina) in modo molto efficiente e dipendente dalla presenza di heparan sulfati sulla membrana cellulare e che la loro internalizzazione avviene attraverso diversi tipi di meccanismi (endocitosi ed energia indipendenti). In fine, gli aminoglicosidi sono stati utilizzati in una nuova reazione domino-multicomponente recentemente sviluppata nei nostri laboratori. Questo tipo di reazioni non vengono utilizzate con gli aminoglicosidi per la complessità delle strutture dovuta alla presenza di diversi gruppi funzionali. Nonostante questo, il processo domino-multicomponente è stato impiegato per la sintesi di coniugati tra la neomicina e diversi tipi di zuccheri in buone rese. Studi sulla concentrazione minima inibitoria contro ceppi resistenti di batteri MRSE ed E.Coli, hanno dimostrato una buona attività antibatterica.
Amino- and guanidinoglycoside-based vectors for gene and drug delivery
SGANAPPA, AURORA
Abstract
The overall goal of the project of this thesis was the use of aminoglycosides for 1) the development of new multifunctional gene delivery vectors, 2) the development of new multivalent carriers for drug delivery and 3) the synthesis of a collection of new antibiotics. In recent years new non-viral vectors for gene and drug delivery have become more and more important in order to overcome the use of viral vectors, due to their potential dangerous drawbacks, and facilitate drug entery into cells. In this experimental work, different kind of non-viral vectors for gene delivery studies were synthesized, using dendrimeric, lipidic and hybrid lipidic-dendrimeric cationic systems grafted with aminoglycosides. Aminoglycosides are a large family of well-studied potent antibiotics. Therefore, new potential dendrimer- and lipidic-aminoglycoside conjugates were synthesized, fully characterized and tested for their ability as transfectants and their cytotoxicity. PAMAMG4-aminoglycoside conjugates were extensively studied and were identified as one of the best multifuncional non-viral vectors having optimum transfection efficiency, low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity. Cationic lipid vectors as calix[4]arene-aminoglycoside conjugates and hybrid lipo-dendrimer(n)-neomycin conjugates were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as potential multifunctional carriers. Preliminary results evidenced a good ability as tansfectants and a very low cytotoxicity, making them really applicable in gene delivery field. Guanidinoglycosides, derivatives of aminoglycosides obtained by total substitution of amino groups with guanidinium groups, have showed their great ability to promote the cellular uptake of high molecular cargos (i.e. therapeutics molecule) at namolar concentration in a heparan sulphare dependent way. We have thus used these guanidinoglycosides to graft PAMAM dendrimers obtaining new multifunctional conjugates with future applications in drug delivery field. Studies on these conjugates have shown their high cellular uptake in heparan sulphate dependent way at nM concentrations, with different mechanism of internalization. Finally, the chemistry of aminoglycosides was investigated in an innovative multicomponent domino process recently developed in our laboratories. MC reactions were not commonly used until now with aminoglicosides due to the large number of functional groups on their structure. Neverteless, this new multicomponent domino process was used to synthesize sugar-neomycin conjugates in good yields, as novel antibiotics. MICs studied have disclosed their good antibacterial activity against MRSE and E.Coli bacteria.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/116551