The development of the long welded rail in railways, made possible by aluminothermic and flush-butt processes, has produced a large amount of advantages in terms of comfort, reduction of maintenance costs and railways management. On the other hand, it introduced new standard structural integrity checks, since the welded joint is itself a critical element to control, thus representing one of the main causes of failure. The present work is focused on the study of the actual procedure, performed by Ferrovienord for the ultrasonic inspection of aluminothermic welded joints by Phased Array. Particular attention was paid to the evaluation of control reliability in presence of semi-elliptical foot cracks, whose fatigue propagation is responsible for continuous welded rails brittle fracture. Starting from the experimental study of the defects discussed above and of the company inspection process, a numerical model of the latter one was implemented using the specific software CIVAnde 11.0. The model was calibrated using results obtained through laboratory tests. Those took place on specific specimens, after the estimation of acoustic property of the material. The aim of the work was the evaluation of the reliability of the control by defining the Probability of Detection (POD) curves with the help of the Model Assisted Prob-ability of Detection (MAPOD) method. That allowed us to estimate the largest defect impossible to find with the current inspection process. This result is an essential information in order to redefine the inspection intervals according to damage tolerance.
Lo sviluppo della lunga rotaia saldata in ambito ferroviario, reso possibile dall’utilizzo delle tecniche di saldatura alluminotermica e a scintillio, ha comportato una serie di benefici in termini di comfort, riduzione dei costi di manutenzione e gestione della rete. D’altro canto ha introdotto nuovi standard per verificare l’integrità strutturale del binario dal momento che la giunzione saldata risulta essere un elemento critico da controllare, rappresentando una delle principali cause di cedimento in rotaia. Il presente lavoro di tesi è incentrato sullo studio della procedura ispettiva attualmente impiegata da Ferrovienord per l’indagine ultrasonora dei giunti alluminotermici mediante Phased Array. In particolare modo viene valutata l’affidabilità del controllo in merito alla rilevazione di cricche semiellittiche formatisi al piede di rotaia, la cui propagazione a fatica è responsabile della frattura fragile di quest’ultima. A partire dallo studio sperimentale del difetto di interesse e della procedura ispettiva utilizzata dall’azienda, questa è stata riprodotta mediante un modello numerico sviluppato col software dedicato CIVAnde 11.0. Questo è stato tarato sui risultati sperimentali ottenuti da prove di laboratorio, condotte su campioni appositamente realizzati, dopo aver derivato le caratteristiche acustiche del materiale. Obbiettivo finale del lavoro è stato quello di valutare l’affidabilità del controllo redigendone le curve di Probability of Detection (POD), utilizzando l’approccio Model Assisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD). È stato così stimato il più grande difetto non riscontrabile dalla procedura ispettiva, dato di fondamentale importanza per la futura ridefinizione degli intervalli di ispezione in accordo alla damage tolerance.
Ispezione ultrasonora mediante phased array di saldature alluminotermiche in rotaie ferroviarie
TERRANOVA, PAOLO
2014/2015
Abstract
The development of the long welded rail in railways, made possible by aluminothermic and flush-butt processes, has produced a large amount of advantages in terms of comfort, reduction of maintenance costs and railways management. On the other hand, it introduced new standard structural integrity checks, since the welded joint is itself a critical element to control, thus representing one of the main causes of failure. The present work is focused on the study of the actual procedure, performed by Ferrovienord for the ultrasonic inspection of aluminothermic welded joints by Phased Array. Particular attention was paid to the evaluation of control reliability in presence of semi-elliptical foot cracks, whose fatigue propagation is responsible for continuous welded rails brittle fracture. Starting from the experimental study of the defects discussed above and of the company inspection process, a numerical model of the latter one was implemented using the specific software CIVAnde 11.0. The model was calibrated using results obtained through laboratory tests. Those took place on specific specimens, after the estimation of acoustic property of the material. The aim of the work was the evaluation of the reliability of the control by defining the Probability of Detection (POD) curves with the help of the Model Assisted Prob-ability of Detection (MAPOD) method. That allowed us to estimate the largest defect impossible to find with the current inspection process. This result is an essential information in order to redefine the inspection intervals according to damage tolerance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2015_12_Terranova.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/116689