Nowadays, engineering design has to face challenges related to customers’ differentiation and high demand for novelty and innovation. At the same time, sustainability has become a priority, as resources consumption and waste generation are seriously threatening the quality of life of future generations. A viable concept to address these challenges is provided by cyber-physical industry platforms. Industry platforms can take advantage of an independent community of developers as external sources of innovation; furthermore, their modularity allows customers to tailor the product’s features and update them easily during the utilization phase, thus increasing the lifecycle value and reducing the need for product substitution. In particular, cyber-physical systems have some technological characteristics that make them ideal as industry platforms. However, engineering literature lacks a comprehensive methodology to support the design of cyber-physical industry platforms. This thesis provides an initial strategic design methodology blueprint, based on three subsequent design analyses. In the first part, the effect of system architecture on changeability is investigated, so that the system can be easily modified during its lifecycle. Then, a value analysis of the platform configurations is carried out and the most valuable platform configurations and modules are highlighted. Finally, as every industry platform is coupled with a multi-sided market, the third part provides a socio-technical simulation of the platform ecosystem, whose results can determine both the technical features a platform should have and the most appropriate strategic management of the ecosystem. Two practical applications are provided. The former scrutinize the effect of modularity and architectural features over a large sample of numerically-generated architectures; the latter employs the three analysis for the strategic design of a modular, customizable smartphone. Both applications illustrate the usefulness of the proposed analyses and provide suggestions for future cyber-physical systems design. The change propagation sensitivity analysis demonstrates that system architecture does play a role in determining the change propagation behaviour, therefore it is possible to architect systems to reduce change propagation. The subsystems’ degree, the system diameter, the number of component loops and the structural complexity are the four most correlated features with the change propagation indices proposed. As far as the customizable smartphone case study is concerned, the distributions of change indices indicate that the evaluation of changeability depends on several factors, like the agent performing the change and the lifecycle phase during which the change is made; furthermore, a change in the platform core or the CPU is likely to generate many propagated changes. The Logit value analysis forecasts that basic screen modules, mono loudspeakers, the fingerprint reader, the high-speed interface and the 750 mAh batteries will be the most appreciated modules in a customizable smartphone. Finally, the sociotechnical simulations highlights how sustaining the platform ecosystem can be as important as initiating it correctly. The sensitivity analysis statistically proves that the initial number of modules is fundamental for the entire growth of the communities and that each month of product development saved can increase the developers’ community size by five participants. From the same analysis, it appears that a 12.5% rate of malfunctioning platform architectures is sufficient to make the entire market collapse. A long-term scenario for the development of the research field about cyber-physical systems and ecosystem innovation concludes the work. Three coupled research directions are envisioned: cyber-physical social systems, massive customization and fluent engineering design. The first one focuses on the interactions between human behaviour and cyber-physical systems, the second one explores the freedom of choice offered by customization-intense products and its implications on both the customers’ attitudes and the logistics chain management; the last one studies how agile product development methods and lean manufacturing can benefit from a constant feedback of data from the actual system operations.
In un mondo globale, la progettazione di sistemi ingegneristici deve affrontare nuove sfide date da una sempre maggiore differenziazione dei profili dei clienti e da una elevata richiesta di novità e innovazione. Inoltre, la sostenibilità ambientale di un prodotto è divenuta prioritaria, poiché l’attuale gestione delle risorse non rinnovabili pone seri rischi sulla qualità di vita delle future generazioni. Concettualmente, è possibile superare gli ostacoli esposti mediante la progettazione e l’uso di piattaforme aperte cyber-fisiche. Infatti, tali piattaforme possono sfruttare gli sforzi di una comunità di innovatori indipendenti per incrementare il tasso di innovazione delle soluzioni tecniche offerte sul mercato; inoltre, la loro modularità intrinseca consente agli utilizzatori di personalizzare il prodotto e aggiornarlo durante l'intero ciclo di vita. Tale abilità non solo apre nuove prospettive sulla varietà dei prodotti progettabili, ma incrementa anche la durata di utilizzo della piattaforma stessa riducendo la quantità di rifiuti prodotti. La letteratura di settore propone numerosi suggerimenti per la progettazione e la gestione di piattaforme aperte; al contempo tuttavia studi quantitativi per la progettazione concettuale di tali sistemi non sono stati ancora sviluppati adeguatamente. La tesi propone tre analisi quantitative strategiche per la progettazione e la gestione di sistemi cyber-fisici modellati come piattaforme aperte. Nella prima parte, l'opera approfondisce l'effetto che le scelte architetturali hanno sulla cambiabilità del sistema tecnico, cosicché si possa consentire al sistema un continua evoluzione. Nella seconda parte, un'analisi del valore per piattaforme di prodotto consente di evidenziare le configurazioni che hanno maggiori probabilità di successo e quindi indirizzare il processo di sviluppo. Infine, si propone una simulazione del sistema socio-tecnico costituito dalla piattaforma e dalle comunità di utilizzatori e sviluppatori al fine di caratterizzare la dinamica del mercato a due lati. Le tre analisi trovano applicazione in un dispositivo cyber-fisico modulare ad elevato grado di personalizzazione. Il caso studio consente di provare l'applicabilità delle analisi proposte e al contempo evidenzia le peculiarità dei sistemi cyber-fisici, fornendo indicazione per lo sviluppo di altri prodotti similari. Il manoscritto si conclude con una prospettiva sugli sviluppi futuri del campo di ricerca, con particolare attenzione alla possibilità di nuove modalità di innovazione rese possibili da sistemi cyber-fisici.
Open innovation meets Changeability: Strategic design analyses for Cyber-physical Industry platforms
COLOMBO, EDOARDO FILIPPO
Abstract
Nowadays, engineering design has to face challenges related to customers’ differentiation and high demand for novelty and innovation. At the same time, sustainability has become a priority, as resources consumption and waste generation are seriously threatening the quality of life of future generations. A viable concept to address these challenges is provided by cyber-physical industry platforms. Industry platforms can take advantage of an independent community of developers as external sources of innovation; furthermore, their modularity allows customers to tailor the product’s features and update them easily during the utilization phase, thus increasing the lifecycle value and reducing the need for product substitution. In particular, cyber-physical systems have some technological characteristics that make them ideal as industry platforms. However, engineering literature lacks a comprehensive methodology to support the design of cyber-physical industry platforms. This thesis provides an initial strategic design methodology blueprint, based on three subsequent design analyses. In the first part, the effect of system architecture on changeability is investigated, so that the system can be easily modified during its lifecycle. Then, a value analysis of the platform configurations is carried out and the most valuable platform configurations and modules are highlighted. Finally, as every industry platform is coupled with a multi-sided market, the third part provides a socio-technical simulation of the platform ecosystem, whose results can determine both the technical features a platform should have and the most appropriate strategic management of the ecosystem. Two practical applications are provided. The former scrutinize the effect of modularity and architectural features over a large sample of numerically-generated architectures; the latter employs the three analysis for the strategic design of a modular, customizable smartphone. Both applications illustrate the usefulness of the proposed analyses and provide suggestions for future cyber-physical systems design. The change propagation sensitivity analysis demonstrates that system architecture does play a role in determining the change propagation behaviour, therefore it is possible to architect systems to reduce change propagation. The subsystems’ degree, the system diameter, the number of component loops and the structural complexity are the four most correlated features with the change propagation indices proposed. As far as the customizable smartphone case study is concerned, the distributions of change indices indicate that the evaluation of changeability depends on several factors, like the agent performing the change and the lifecycle phase during which the change is made; furthermore, a change in the platform core or the CPU is likely to generate many propagated changes. The Logit value analysis forecasts that basic screen modules, mono loudspeakers, the fingerprint reader, the high-speed interface and the 750 mAh batteries will be the most appreciated modules in a customizable smartphone. Finally, the sociotechnical simulations highlights how sustaining the platform ecosystem can be as important as initiating it correctly. The sensitivity analysis statistically proves that the initial number of modules is fundamental for the entire growth of the communities and that each month of product development saved can increase the developers’ community size by five participants. From the same analysis, it appears that a 12.5% rate of malfunctioning platform architectures is sufficient to make the entire market collapse. A long-term scenario for the development of the research field about cyber-physical systems and ecosystem innovation concludes the work. Three coupled research directions are envisioned: cyber-physical social systems, massive customization and fluent engineering design. The first one focuses on the interactions between human behaviour and cyber-physical systems, the second one explores the freedom of choice offered by customization-intense products and its implications on both the customers’ attitudes and the logistics chain management; the last one studies how agile product development methods and lean manufacturing can benefit from a constant feedback of data from the actual system operations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/117765