This thesis focuses on the design, the realization and test of a vortex ow hybrid rocket motor (VFP). This innovative hybrid rocket con guration is characterized by an alternative geometry with two at and large solid fuel disks and a tangential injection between them. The gap between the two at disks serves as combustion chamber. After the ignition, a vortex drain type ow- eld is induced within the combustion chamber, causing the regressing of both fuel surfaces. The fuel disks have two ports. One lodges the motor igniter, while the second yield to the gasdynamic nozzle. The unique feature of this hybrid rocket con guration is the length to diameter ratio normally less than 1. The work was divided into three stages: the mechanical design, the internal uid dynamic characterization and the ring tests of the VFP. The mechanical design enabled static stresses distribution analysis, considering the Von Mises criterion and the expected combustion chamber pressure. The second stage of the work focuses on the preliminary characterization of the VFP internal uid dynamics. The OpenFOAM® software was used to implement a 3D code for initial assessment of the vortex ow- eld behavior. The code based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM), solves Navier Stokes equations with a RANS approach, employing a k- turbulence model. Cold ow simulations were performed to characterize the fuel and oxidizer mixing. The third stage focuses on test rings. The implemented system has been tested to successfully verify the actual vortex ow eld onset inside the chamber. Three di erent pair of grains were manufactured, each of which supported multiple runs. Gaseous oxygen (GOX) and a blend of para n (60 wt.%), and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS, 40 wt.%) were tested. The test rings allowed to evaluate the combustion e ciency and the regression rate. A combustion e ciency of about 68% was derived. The fuel nature may in uence the results, due to the poor mechanical properties of para n-based fuels. A TOT-based data reduction approach was used. The weight approach enable to observe a uniform trend of the regression rate when performing more ring tests with the same fuel grain. However, re ning the data removing the accumulated slugs of fuel yielded to a di erent rf trend. In this latter case, a rf decrease was observed for increasing pancake disks separation. This original result was supported by direct measurement of the solid fuel grain thickness in di erent runs. The geometry change based TOT allowed to build velocity pro le and characterized local velocity. Those values were then compared with the information derived from the in run wire-cut sensors implemented and successfully tested.
Il presente lavoro di tesi riguarda il design, la realizzazione e il test del motore ibrido Vortex Flow Pancake (VFP). La con figurazione proposta si caratterizza per una iniezione tangenziale che favorisce l'insorgenza di un vortice all'interno della camera di combustione, costituita dallo spazio compreso tra due dischi di combustibile. Entrambi i dischi presentano un canale centrale per favorire il flusso dei gas caldi verso l'ugello, posto su un lato del motore. La caratteristica unica di questo motore a geometria alternativa è il rapporto lunghezza/diametro inferiore a uno. Il presente lavoro si divide in tre parti: il design meccanico, lo studio fluidodinamico, e le prove a fuoco. In primo luogo si è considerato il design meccanico del sistema, conducendo una analisi statica per la veri ca degli sforzi massimi ammissibili, sulla base del criterio di Von Mises e della pressione nominale operativa in camera di combustione. In secondo luogo si è e ffettuata una caratterizzazione preliminare della fl uidodinamica interna. Si è impleflmentato un codice 3D utilizzando il software OpenFOAM®. Il codice risolve le equazioni di Navier Stokes utilizzando il modello turbolento k- , derivato dalla modellizzazione della turbolenza mediante approccio RANS. Sono state condotte simulazioni a freddo per caratterizzare il comportamento del vortice in camera di combustione. La terza parte del lavoro consiste nelle prove a fuoco. Il sistema è stato testato con successo, eff ettuando diverse prove con tre coppie di grani combustibili. Ossigeno gassoso e un combustibile para nico (caratterizzato da 60 % in frazione massica e 40% di SEBS, un polimero termoplastico di rinforzo) sono stati testati. Le prove a fuoco hanno permesso di valutate la velocità di regressione e l'effi cienza di combustione. Una basso valore di e fficienza di combustione, pari al 68%, è stata valutato, probabilmente a causa delle scarse proprietà meccaniche che caratterizzano i combustibili paraffi nici. La velocità di regressione è stata valutata utilizzando un approccio TOT. Il metodo a pesata di fferenziale ha evidenziato una tendenza della velocità di regressione a mantenersi costante per più test con la stessa coppia di grani. Rimuovendo però accumuli di detriti dalle pareti dei componenti si è osservato un trend decrescente, probabilmente legato all'aumento progressivo della distanza tra i dischi di combustibile. Questo risultato è stato confermato dalla misura della super ficie del combustibile prima e dopo ogni test. Questo approccio ha permesso di delineare il pro lo della superfi cie e valutare la velocità locale in diverse sezioni, il cui valore è stato successivamente confermato dall'utilizzo di sensori a rottura di filo.
Design and test of a vortex flow hybrid rocket motor
CARLOTTI, STEFANIA
2014/2015
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the design, the realization and test of a vortex ow hybrid rocket motor (VFP). This innovative hybrid rocket con guration is characterized by an alternative geometry with two at and large solid fuel disks and a tangential injection between them. The gap between the two at disks serves as combustion chamber. After the ignition, a vortex drain type ow- eld is induced within the combustion chamber, causing the regressing of both fuel surfaces. The fuel disks have two ports. One lodges the motor igniter, while the second yield to the gasdynamic nozzle. The unique feature of this hybrid rocket con guration is the length to diameter ratio normally less than 1. The work was divided into three stages: the mechanical design, the internal uid dynamic characterization and the ring tests of the VFP. The mechanical design enabled static stresses distribution analysis, considering the Von Mises criterion and the expected combustion chamber pressure. The second stage of the work focuses on the preliminary characterization of the VFP internal uid dynamics. The OpenFOAM® software was used to implement a 3D code for initial assessment of the vortex ow- eld behavior. The code based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM), solves Navier Stokes equations with a RANS approach, employing a k- turbulence model. Cold ow simulations were performed to characterize the fuel and oxidizer mixing. The third stage focuses on test rings. The implemented system has been tested to successfully verify the actual vortex ow eld onset inside the chamber. Three di erent pair of grains were manufactured, each of which supported multiple runs. Gaseous oxygen (GOX) and a blend of para n (60 wt.%), and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS, 40 wt.%) were tested. The test rings allowed to evaluate the combustion e ciency and the regression rate. A combustion e ciency of about 68% was derived. The fuel nature may in uence the results, due to the poor mechanical properties of para n-based fuels. A TOT-based data reduction approach was used. The weight approach enable to observe a uniform trend of the regression rate when performing more ring tests with the same fuel grain. However, re ning the data removing the accumulated slugs of fuel yielded to a di erent rf trend. In this latter case, a rf decrease was observed for increasing pancake disks separation. This original result was supported by direct measurement of the solid fuel grain thickness in di erent runs. The geometry change based TOT allowed to build velocity pro le and characterized local velocity. Those values were then compared with the information derived from the in run wire-cut sensors implemented and successfully tested.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/118597