This thesis focuses on emergent trends and ecosystem shocks, including climate change and typhoons, along with resultant policies and practices that represent the ecosystem adaptation, the social-ecological learning, the adaptive land use, the mitigation and governance. A review of current structural and non-structural urban and coastal land uses challenges and opportunities, with main focus on Tacloban and its coastal ecosystem. The aim is proposing resilient methods and urban strategies to deal with natural disasters and the rising water levels which affect most part of the Philippines during the rainy seasons. This kind of phenomenon is a global concern, indeed environmentalist and scientist are trying to understand what should be the solutions for these issues. As earth atmosphere tends to change easily and it is difficult to have predictable outcomes, we need to think over new strategies on architecture and urban design of coastal cities and low-lying areas that are prone related in water hazards. By witnessing these disasters in the past, we can understand that previous methods used in the Philippines are getting obsolete and increased its vulnerability. How would it be decreased the vulnerability of these regions to a near and long-term effects of the climate change? The Philippines, like other Asian countries, used to rely heavily on adaptive solutions, including structural improvements, but always acting with a day-by-day approach instead of mitigation measures in response of a long-term planning to increase resilience to storms and flooding events (Tacloban, when it has been hit by typhoon Haiyan on November 8, 2013, it wasn’t actually prepared). The aim of this thesis is to approach case studies for the reconstruction of the city and its prevention from future natural disasters. So, the research focuses on three strategies, based on the analysis led by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) entitled “Facing up the rising sea-levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack?”: 1. Attack - the challenge strategy ATTACK has to confront with the territory: with the aim to protect with important structures, it is therefore visible to the horizon and it also demands a large sum of capital. 2. Defend – the challenge strategy DEFEND chooses to adapt the territory to the natural disasters, through the process of water urbanism or housing raising, and it requires an average amount of assets. 3. Retreat – the challenge strategy RETREAT intends to step back from the affected territory and to establish in another safer place nearby; this strategy takes a less amount of capital compared to the other previous strategies. Studying Tacloban’s geology, it is noticed that the city is placed in a disadvantaged position regard to landslides because of its substrate made by shale rocks covered of clay. Considering this analysis and the acting models illustrated, the approach proposed is based on a long-term process of RETREAT strategy. RETREAT: identification of a strategic location, which is located in the northern portion of the city. Taking note of the solutions found in the worldwide examined projects, it was obtained a methodology for a strategic planning to be applied to the needs of the selected project site to cope with emergencies due to possible flooding.
Questa tesi si concentra sulle tendenze emergenti e sugli impatti, compresi i cambiamenti climatici e i tifoni, riguardanti un ecosistema, cercando di definire un piano d’azione e una prassi che possano contribuire all’adattamento dell'ecosistema stesso comprendendo aspetti socio-ecologici, le tecniche per l’adattamento dell’uso del suolo e la sua governance nonché la mitigazione degli effetti, attraverso un’analisi delle minacce e delle opportunità. Il campo sperimentale è il territorio di Tacloban, di cui è stata studiata l’attuale struttura territoriale e l’uso del suolo urbano e delle acque costiere. L'obiettivo è proporre metodi resilienti e nuove strategie urbane per poter affrontare disastri naturali quali l’aumento dei livelli d’acqua che colpiscono la maggior parte delle Filippine durante la stagione delle piogge. Questo tipo di fenomeno è una preoccupazione a livello globale, infatti ambientalisti e scienziati stanno cercando di capire quali potrebbero essere le soluzioni a questi problemi. Siccome le condizioni atmosferiche terrestri tendono a cambiare facilmente ed è difficile avere risultati prevedibili, abbiamo bisogno di riflettere su nuovi modelli architettonici e su nuove strategie urbane per le città costiere e le zone pianeggianti che sono inclini ai rischi legati all'acqua. Vedendo i disastri accaduti in passato, possiamo capire che i precedenti metodi utilizzati nelle Filippine siano stati sempre obsoleti e abbiano fatto aumentare questa vulnerabilità. Come si potrebbe far diminuire la vulnerabilità in queste regioni sugli effetti causati dal cambiamento climatico a breve e a lungo termine? Le Filippine, come altri paesi asiatici, tendono ad affidarsi a soluzioni difficilmente adattabili, compresi i miglioramenti strutturali, ma spesso agiscono con soluzioni momentanee invece di promuovere misure di mitigazione a lungo termine che intrevengano sulla pianificazione per aumentare la resilienza alle tempeste e alle inondazioni (ad esempio Tacloban, quando è stata colpita dal tifone Haiyan l’8 novembre 2013, non era in realtà assolutamente preparata). Il fine di questa tesi è di proporre delle soluzioni per la ricostruzione della città e la prevenzione da futuri disastri ambientali naturali. La ricerca si focalizza, quindi, su tre strategie basate sull’analisi dei suggerimenti dati dalla Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) e dall’Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in un report intitolato “Facing up the rising sea-levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack?”: 1. Attack - la strategia di attacco si confronta con il territorio con lo scopo di proteggerlo con strutture importanti, pertanto prevede grandi opere di ingegnerizzazione e richiede grosse somme di capitale. 2. Defend – la strategia di difesa sceglie di adattarsi al territorio sottoposto a disastri naturali, attraverso il processo del “water urbanism” o con la creazione di strutture rialzate dal suolo, tale strategia richiede una discreta quantità di capitale. 3. Retreat – la strategia di ritirata intende fare un passo indietro dal territorio interessato ai disastri naturali e invita la comunità a stabilirsi in un altro posto più sicuro nelle sue vicinanze; questa strategia richiede una minore quantità di capitale rispetto alle altre strategie precedenti. Studiando la geologia di Tacloban, si è notato che la città è disposta in una posizione svantaggiata, dovuta alle frane che sono causate dal suo substrato fatto di rocce sedimentarie ricoperte di argilla. Considerando quest’analisi e interpretando i modelli illustrati precedentemente, l'approccio proposto si basa su un processo a lungo termine di strategia di ritirata. RITIRATA: identificazione di una posizione strategica, che è stata individuata nella parte settentrionale della cittadina. Prendendo atto delle soluzioni presenti nei progetti analizzati a livello mondiale, è stata ricavata una metodologia di pianificazione strategica da applicare alle esigenze del sito di progetto per fare fronte alle emergenze dovute ad eventuali allagamenti e inondazioni.
Towards a new tacloban. Facing its nature
DELA CRUZ, MARIE TONI
2014/2015
Abstract
This thesis focuses on emergent trends and ecosystem shocks, including climate change and typhoons, along with resultant policies and practices that represent the ecosystem adaptation, the social-ecological learning, the adaptive land use, the mitigation and governance. A review of current structural and non-structural urban and coastal land uses challenges and opportunities, with main focus on Tacloban and its coastal ecosystem. The aim is proposing resilient methods and urban strategies to deal with natural disasters and the rising water levels which affect most part of the Philippines during the rainy seasons. This kind of phenomenon is a global concern, indeed environmentalist and scientist are trying to understand what should be the solutions for these issues. As earth atmosphere tends to change easily and it is difficult to have predictable outcomes, we need to think over new strategies on architecture and urban design of coastal cities and low-lying areas that are prone related in water hazards. By witnessing these disasters in the past, we can understand that previous methods used in the Philippines are getting obsolete and increased its vulnerability. How would it be decreased the vulnerability of these regions to a near and long-term effects of the climate change? The Philippines, like other Asian countries, used to rely heavily on adaptive solutions, including structural improvements, but always acting with a day-by-day approach instead of mitigation measures in response of a long-term planning to increase resilience to storms and flooding events (Tacloban, when it has been hit by typhoon Haiyan on November 8, 2013, it wasn’t actually prepared). The aim of this thesis is to approach case studies for the reconstruction of the city and its prevention from future natural disasters. So, the research focuses on three strategies, based on the analysis led by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) entitled “Facing up the rising sea-levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack?”: 1. Attack - the challenge strategy ATTACK has to confront with the territory: with the aim to protect with important structures, it is therefore visible to the horizon and it also demands a large sum of capital. 2. Defend – the challenge strategy DEFEND chooses to adapt the territory to the natural disasters, through the process of water urbanism or housing raising, and it requires an average amount of assets. 3. Retreat – the challenge strategy RETREAT intends to step back from the affected territory and to establish in another safer place nearby; this strategy takes a less amount of capital compared to the other previous strategies. Studying Tacloban’s geology, it is noticed that the city is placed in a disadvantaged position regard to landslides because of its substrate made by shale rocks covered of clay. Considering this analysis and the acting models illustrated, the approach proposed is based on a long-term process of RETREAT strategy. RETREAT: identification of a strategic location, which is located in the northern portion of the city. Taking note of the solutions found in the worldwide examined projects, it was obtained a methodology for a strategic planning to be applied to the needs of the selected project site to cope with emergencies due to possible flooding.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/121888