Iron tie-rods have been used as reinforcement for vaulted masonry structures since the very first steps of their development. They are an intuitive, economic and distinguishable solution to the main static problems that arches and vaults can undergo. Their interaction with the masonry, though, leads to a structural behaviour that must be distinguished from the one of the simple arch, as a primitive form of reinforced masonry where each element’s work is defined by its material and form: the arch-tie unit. Following the technical and constructive developments through history, this technique has evolved in time, offering different solutions that diverge in a range of parameters linked to aesthetics, materials, constructive details and logics of use. This ensemble of concepts constitutes the identity values that ties can offer as important historical and architectonical signs within the overall reading of a historical building. These signs and traces should be preserved in the further strengthening interventions that the building might undergo, and to the possible extent, without altering their tectonic value. Predicting and assessing the modifications that the tie-rods introduce in the arch structural behaviour is still a complex task. The structural behaviour of masonry and the simulation of actions on them is a field of very active research to our days. The modelling of historical structures involves a series of uncertainties calling for physical assumptions and simplifications that must be interpreted consciously and with the proper knowledge. Coming to the arch-tie unit, a further complexity is added, given the juxtaposition of materials with very different properties, the difficulties in physically defining how each part of the structure affects the other, and the uncertainties of the tie mechanical properties. Due to the paradigmatic variety of both typologies of arches and tie-rods, the case study of Santa Casa Lauretana, in Tresivio (Northern Italy) has offered a leading thread to develop a whole research into the study and valuation of the different parameters that define this reinforcing technique. The methodology has been to stablish the parallelisms among four different approaches applied to the case study: the historical research on the strengthening interventions in the building, the research in the historical technical and architectonical literature, an experimental parametrical campaign on a mock-up, and the use of FEM methodologies in detailed models. This leads to the possibility of valuating these elements as historical and constructive signs, and to a qualitative and quantitative description of the structural behaviour of the tie-arch unit in its possible varieties. The objective is a deep reflection on the many dimensions that compose the knowledge of these elements, and the arisal of warnings for their conservation in successive strengthening interventions. This includes the identification of the characteristic features of tie-rods, their contribution to the historical knowledge of a building and the reasons for their preservation. The simulations and structural prediction models have helped to understand their structural behaviour in many hypothetical scenarios, and thus, how they should contribute within the structure, even with the addition of further reinforcements. The deep knowledge of each and every aspect of this constructive technique is an essential part for this final purpose.
Le catene metalliche sono state utilizzate come elementi di rinforzo nelle strutture in arco di muratura sin dai primi passi del suo sviluppo storico. Costituiscono una soluzione costruttiva intuitiva, economica e distinguibile ai principali problemi strutturali che archi e volte possono subire. La sua interazione con la muratura, però, porta a un comportamento strutturale diverso da quello del simple arco, conformando l’esempio più primitivo di muratura armata, dove il lavoro di ogni elemento é definito assolutamente dai suoi materiale e forma: l’ unitá arco-catena. Tracciando il suo sviluppo tecnico e costruttivo nella storia, questa tecnica è evoluta nel tempo, offrendo soluzioni diverse che divergono in una serie di parametri relazionati all’estetica, ai materiali, al dettaglio costruttivo e alle ragioni e logiche di utilizzo. Questo insieme conforma i valori identitari che le catene possono offrire come segni d’ importanza storica e architettonica nella lettura generale d’ un edificio storico. Segni e traccie che devono essere conservati nei seguenti interventi di consolidamento che l’edificio potrebbe subire, eppure al piú possibile rispettando i suoi valori tettonici. La predizione e la valutazione delle modifiche che le catene inseriscono nel comportamento strutturale dell’arco é tuttavia un processo complesso. Il comportamento strutturale della muratura e la simulazione delle azione che agiscono su di essa è un campo di ricerca ancora molto attivo. La modellazione di strutture storiche coinvolge una serie di incertezze che richiedono delle supposizioni e delle semplificazioni che si devono interpretare con consapevolezza e conoscimento delle limitazioni. Nel caso dell’unità arco-catena, si aggiunge ancora piú complessità, dovuta all’ affiancamento di materiali dalle proprietà molto diverse, alle difficoltà a definire fisicamente il modo in cui ogni elemento strutturale si relaziona con il resto e le incertezze sulle proprietà meccaniche delle catene. Dato il paradigmatico ventaglio sia di tipi di archi che di catene, il caso studio della Santa Casa Lauretana di Tresivio (Valtellina) ha offerto un filo conduttore per sviluppare tutta una ricerca per studiare e valutare i diversi parametri che definiscono questa tecnica di consolidamento. Si hanno stabilito delle ricerche parallele in quattro approdi diversi per affrontare il suo studio: la ricerca storica delle fasi di consolidamento dell’edificio, ricerca in letterature storiche architettoniche e tecniche, una campagna sperimentale con un modello fisico a scala, e l’utilizzo dei FEM in modellin geometricamente dettagliati. Ció ha portato alla possibilità di valutare questi elementi per il suo valore storico e costruttivo, e a una descrizione qualitativa e quantitativa del suo comportamento strutturale, in tutte le varietà che sono state trovate. L’obiettivo è una rifflessione sulle diverse dimensioni che compongono la conoscenza di questi elementi, e la proposta di strategie per la sua conservazione in ulteriori interventi di consolidamento. Ciò include l’identificazione dei tratti caratteristici delle catene, il suo contributo alla conoscenza storica general dell’edificio e le ragioni per la sua conservazione. Le simulazioni e i modelli di previsioni strutturali hanno aiutato a capire il suo comportamento in molti scenari diversi, e in piú hanno fornito di un conoscimento profondo di tutti i caratteri che dovrebbero considerarsi per le attuazioni di consolidamento e conservazione in interventi futuri.
Iron tie-rods within masonry arched structures. Revision of a historical reinforcing technique from the approaches of conservation and structural efficiency
MORA GÓMEZ, JUAN ANTONIO
Abstract
Iron tie-rods have been used as reinforcement for vaulted masonry structures since the very first steps of their development. They are an intuitive, economic and distinguishable solution to the main static problems that arches and vaults can undergo. Their interaction with the masonry, though, leads to a structural behaviour that must be distinguished from the one of the simple arch, as a primitive form of reinforced masonry where each element’s work is defined by its material and form: the arch-tie unit. Following the technical and constructive developments through history, this technique has evolved in time, offering different solutions that diverge in a range of parameters linked to aesthetics, materials, constructive details and logics of use. This ensemble of concepts constitutes the identity values that ties can offer as important historical and architectonical signs within the overall reading of a historical building. These signs and traces should be preserved in the further strengthening interventions that the building might undergo, and to the possible extent, without altering their tectonic value. Predicting and assessing the modifications that the tie-rods introduce in the arch structural behaviour is still a complex task. The structural behaviour of masonry and the simulation of actions on them is a field of very active research to our days. The modelling of historical structures involves a series of uncertainties calling for physical assumptions and simplifications that must be interpreted consciously and with the proper knowledge. Coming to the arch-tie unit, a further complexity is added, given the juxtaposition of materials with very different properties, the difficulties in physically defining how each part of the structure affects the other, and the uncertainties of the tie mechanical properties. Due to the paradigmatic variety of both typologies of arches and tie-rods, the case study of Santa Casa Lauretana, in Tresivio (Northern Italy) has offered a leading thread to develop a whole research into the study and valuation of the different parameters that define this reinforcing technique. The methodology has been to stablish the parallelisms among four different approaches applied to the case study: the historical research on the strengthening interventions in the building, the research in the historical technical and architectonical literature, an experimental parametrical campaign on a mock-up, and the use of FEM methodologies in detailed models. This leads to the possibility of valuating these elements as historical and constructive signs, and to a qualitative and quantitative description of the structural behaviour of the tie-arch unit in its possible varieties. The objective is a deep reflection on the many dimensions that compose the knowledge of these elements, and the arisal of warnings for their conservation in successive strengthening interventions. This includes the identification of the characteristic features of tie-rods, their contribution to the historical knowledge of a building and the reasons for their preservation. The simulations and structural prediction models have helped to understand their structural behaviour in many hypothetical scenarios, and thus, how they should contribute within the structure, even with the addition of further reinforcements. The deep knowledge of each and every aspect of this constructive technique is an essential part for this final purpose.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/122638