Safety ventilation’s target is the protection of people, process and environment. Inside an Operating Theatre (OT), the targets are the protection of both the patient’s and medical staff’s health. The control of the airborne particles contamination is aimed to reduce the airborne transmission of infections and to obtain a good air quality in the medical staff’s working environment. The ventilation system aims to protect the patient from the airborne transport of infections and to protect the medical staff from the possibly hazardous contaminants generated by the surgical activity. During surgery a significant airborne contaminant load is the surgical smoke, produced by the use of electrosurgical instruments (ESTs). The surgical smoke represents one of the main air contaminant and risk for the personnel working in a OT. Ordinary filters might have problems to stop particles and gasses contained in this smoke, especially the UltraFine Particles (UFPs) due to their size range. The targets of the work are the evaluation of the Colony Forming Units (CFU) level that may provoke patient Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) and the evaluation of the medical staff’s working environment condition in terms of UFP contamination. The work is based on a measurement campaign of the level of bacteria-carrying particles and UFPs inside two OTs during 16 surgeries. Particular attention was paid on the surgical activity, number of people, clothing system and use of ETSs during the surgeries. The measurement has been conducted with two ultrafine particle counters (UPC) and a microbiological sampler inside a Hybrid OT with a downward UniDirectional Air Flow (UDF), and inside a conventional OT with an upward displacement ventilation system. Results reveal a good air quality in terms of UFP contamination during all the surgeries except during the activation of ESTs, in this period the personnel in the room is affected by surgical smoke. The CFU level inside the Hybrid OT equipped with UDF ventilation principle is almost null, the risk of SSIs due to airborne microorganism transport is excluded. Higher values have been found in the conventional OT with upward displacement ventilation.
Gli obiettivi della ventilazione in un ambiente a contaminazione controllata sono la protezione delle persone, del prodotto e dell’ambiente. Dunque, in una sala operatoria, l’obiettivo è la protezione dello staff medico e della salute del paziente. Il controllo della contaminazione è fondamentale per ridurre il rischio di infezioni dovute al trasporto di contaminanti biologici e ottenere una buona qualità dell’aria nell’ambiente di lavoro dello staff medico. Durante un intervento gli elettrobisturi generano fumo chirurgico che contiene una grande quantità di contaminanti. Il fumo chirurgico rappresenta un rischio per la salute del personale, infatti i filtri per la ventilazione e le mascherine di protezione hanno problemi nel filtrare i gas e le particelle ultrafini contenute in esso. Questo lavoro analizza la presenza di particolato ultrafine e di particelle microbiologiche aerotrasportate all’interno di due sale operatorie equipaggiate con differenti sistemi di ventilazione. L’obiettivo è valutare i rischi di infezione dovuti al trasporto di contaminanti biologici nell’aria e valutare la bontà dell’ambiente di lavoro in termini di contaminazione da particelle ultrafini. Lo studio è basato sull’analisi di 16 interventi chirurgici di differente tipo, è stata posta attenzione alle attività chirurgiche, all’uso dell’elettrochirurgia, al numero di persone e all’abbigliamento protettivo adottato in sala operatoria. Sono stati utilizzati due contatori di particelle ultrafini e un campionatore microbiologico. Le misure sono state eseguite in una sala operatoria di nuova generazione con un sistema di ventilazione unidirezionale a flusso verticale, e in una sala convenzionale con un sistema a dislocamento a flusso ascendente. I risultati rivelano una bassa contaminazione da particolato ultrafine in tutte le operazioni chirurgiche a parte durante l’uso dell’elettrochirurgia, in questa fase il personale è esposto ai contaminanti dovuti al fumo chirurgico. La contaminazione microbiologica nella sala operatoria con il sistema di ventilazione unidirezionale è pressoché nulla e si possono escludere rischi di infezioni dovute al trasporto di microrganismi nell'aria.
Contamination control in operating theatres. A measurement study based on the surgical activity with focus on surgical smoke and microbiological contaminants
BONOMI, FEDERICO
2015/2016
Abstract
Safety ventilation’s target is the protection of people, process and environment. Inside an Operating Theatre (OT), the targets are the protection of both the patient’s and medical staff’s health. The control of the airborne particles contamination is aimed to reduce the airborne transmission of infections and to obtain a good air quality in the medical staff’s working environment. The ventilation system aims to protect the patient from the airborne transport of infections and to protect the medical staff from the possibly hazardous contaminants generated by the surgical activity. During surgery a significant airborne contaminant load is the surgical smoke, produced by the use of electrosurgical instruments (ESTs). The surgical smoke represents one of the main air contaminant and risk for the personnel working in a OT. Ordinary filters might have problems to stop particles and gasses contained in this smoke, especially the UltraFine Particles (UFPs) due to their size range. The targets of the work are the evaluation of the Colony Forming Units (CFU) level that may provoke patient Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) and the evaluation of the medical staff’s working environment condition in terms of UFP contamination. The work is based on a measurement campaign of the level of bacteria-carrying particles and UFPs inside two OTs during 16 surgeries. Particular attention was paid on the surgical activity, number of people, clothing system and use of ETSs during the surgeries. The measurement has been conducted with two ultrafine particle counters (UPC) and a microbiological sampler inside a Hybrid OT with a downward UniDirectional Air Flow (UDF), and inside a conventional OT with an upward displacement ventilation system. Results reveal a good air quality in terms of UFP contamination during all the surgeries except during the activation of ESTs, in this period the personnel in the room is affected by surgical smoke. The CFU level inside the Hybrid OT equipped with UDF ventilation principle is almost null, the risk of SSIs due to airborne microorganism transport is excluded. Higher values have been found in the conventional OT with upward displacement ventilation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/125741