Re-shoring adoptions are gaining momentum, as many firms are now reconsidering their offshoring strategy and opt for relocating activities within home boundaries. In the very recent years, Western Governments and Policy Makers are trying to find solutions for recovering part of manufacturing power, lost due to the off-shoring. Hence, the study aims at unveiling supply-chain related aspects of re-shoring in manufacturing industry, thus providing directions for further researches. First, it identifies a univocal list of 16 re-shoring drivers, achieved through a comparative analysis involving a sample of 157 U.S. secondary case studies, provided by the “Re-shoring Initiative”, and a sample of 54 documents arguing about re-shoring drivers. Such a list was then discussed and interpreted by involving two widespread theories: Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource Based View (RBV). Furthermore, this work studies impacts of re-shoring strategy on business processes using as reference the SCOR model. By developing the study upon two SMEs and two large firms, the impacts of re-shoring were assessed in light of firm size. Each case study was built through a questionnaire and a set of interviews aimed at deepening how the decision process underpinning the re-shoring adoption evolved, and how business processes were affected by re-shoring adoption. Evidences from case studies showed that re-shoring is likely to affect business processes, especially if it is coupled with innovation. Finally, decision processes for re-shoring strategy are analyzed in light of Organizational Buying Behavior (OBB) theory, which supported in the identification of the roles played by parties involved. The analysis of the decision process led to a twofold finding. First, an important variable affecting firms’ decision process is complexity, which must be taken into account when evaluating re-shoring adoption. Evidence from case studies identified three variables influencing decision process complexity: firm size, number of internal figures involved in decision process and number of figures involved in the decision process. Large firms who involve many parties in the decision process will suffer a high degree of complexity, and require the involvement of a gatekeeper to filter information. Second, two levels of strategic decisions that companies must undertake are identified. The first level involves decisions about what part of the process is going to be re-shored, who is going to be in charge of executing re-shored activities and whether re-shored activities will be executed in new or already existing plants. The second level of decision involves more specific decisions, such as whether re-shoring will be coupled with the introduction of new technologies, process innovation, product innovation, higher level of automation and, very important, how the foreign plant/s will be used. Limits to the study are set by the few number of case studies developed and to the lack of quantitative data, amenable to two reasons: first, the newness of the topic; second, firms’ unwillingness to share their re-shoring experience, as it could have been a forced solution to a wrong foreign investment.
Negli ultimi anni è stato registrato un numero sempre più crescente di aziende che, dopo aver spostato le proprie attività produttive verso paesi esteri, hanno deciso di rimpatriare le proprie attività. Questo trend è anche conosciuto come re-shoring, ed è stato oggetto di discussione da parte di politici ed enti regolatori dei paesi occidentali, che stanno tentando di rilanciare una produzione quanto più localizzata all’interno dei confini domestici. La tesi mira a svelare ed approfondire degli aspetti ancora ignoti del fenomeno “re-shoring”, oltre a fornire basi e spunti per ricerche future. Inizialmente, viene identificata una lista di 16 driver che spingono le aziende ad adottare la strategia del re-shoring. Tale lista è stata ottenuta a valle di uno studio comparativo tra un campione di 157 casi secondari sviluppate su aziende americane, fornito dalla “Re-shoring Initiative”, ed un campione di 54 documenti accademici focalizzati sul tema dei driver a favore del re-shoring. La lista ottenuta è stata poi analizzata ed interpretata alla luce di due importanti teorie: la Teoria dei Costi di Transazione (TCE – Transaction Costs Economics) e la Resurce Based View (RBV). Successivamente, il focus della si sposta verso l’analisi degli impatti del re-shoring sui processi aziendali, descritti attraverso il modello SCOR. Grazie al coinvolgimento di due Piccole-Medie Imprese e di due società di grande dimensione, è stato possibile valutare come gli impatti cambiano al variare delle dimensioni aziendali. I casi studio sono stati costruiti tramite un questionario ed una serie di interviste volte ad approfondire come si è evoluto il processo decisionale sottostante l’implementazione del re-shoring e come il re-shoring ha impattato sui processi aziendali. Evidenze dai casi studio testimoniano che c’è un’alta probabilità che il re-shoring vada ad influenzare i processi aziendali, specialmente se il rimpatrio viene effettuato contemporaneamente all’introduzione di innovazioni di processo e/o prodotto. Tuttavia, si possono verificare situazioni in cui i processi aziendali non siano influenzati in maniera diretta dal rimpatrio delle attività produttive. I casi studio hanno fornito informazioni sufficienti a valutare le caratteristiche dei processi decisionali sottostanti ad una scelta di re-shoring, analizzati alla luce della Organizational Buying Behavior theory (OBB). Suddetta analisi ha fornito un duplice risultato. In primis, è stata identificata una variabile associata al processo decisionale di re-shoring, ovvero la complessità, che deve essere valutata attentamente dalle aziende durante la fase di pianificazione del rimpatrio. Lo studio ha, inoltre, individuato tre variabili che possono influenzare la complessità del processo decisionale, ovvero il numero di figure interne coinvolte nel processo decisionale, il numero di figure esterne coinvolte nel processo decisionale e le dimensioni dell’azienda. I casi studio hanno testimoniato che aziende molto grandi sono particolarmente soggette ad un alto grado di complessità del processo decisionale, e pertanto richiedono il coinvolgimento di una figura specifica che faciliti la circolazione dei dati tra le varie parti coinvolte, anche chiamato gatekeeper. In secundis, sono stati identificati due livelli di scelte strategiche che le aziende devono prendere in fase di pianificazione del re-shoring. Il primo livello coinvolge decisioni riguardo l’oggetto del re-shoring, la figura incaricata dello svolgimento delle attività rimpatriate e dove saranno svolte tali attività, ovvero se in impianti nuovi o già esistenti. Il secondo livello riguarda scelte con un basso livello strategico, quali introduzione di nuove tecnologie, servizi, figure o ruoli aziendali, o un incremento del livello di automazione. Tali scelte influiscono particolarmente sull’ampiezza dell’impatto del re-shoring sui processi aziendali. I limiti al presente studio sono riconducibili alla bassa numerosità del campione dei casi studio e alla mancanza di dati quantitativi, riconducibile a due fattori: la “novità” del fenomeno, che si trova ancora nelle fasi iniziali; la bassa disponibilità delle aziende a condividere la propria esperienza di rimpatrio, in quanto questa potrebbe essere stata una scelta forzata a seguito di un erroneo investimento all’estero.
Re-shoring : drivers and impacts on business and decision processes
VOLLERO, ANTONIO
2015/2016
Abstract
Re-shoring adoptions are gaining momentum, as many firms are now reconsidering their offshoring strategy and opt for relocating activities within home boundaries. In the very recent years, Western Governments and Policy Makers are trying to find solutions for recovering part of manufacturing power, lost due to the off-shoring. Hence, the study aims at unveiling supply-chain related aspects of re-shoring in manufacturing industry, thus providing directions for further researches. First, it identifies a univocal list of 16 re-shoring drivers, achieved through a comparative analysis involving a sample of 157 U.S. secondary case studies, provided by the “Re-shoring Initiative”, and a sample of 54 documents arguing about re-shoring drivers. Such a list was then discussed and interpreted by involving two widespread theories: Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource Based View (RBV). Furthermore, this work studies impacts of re-shoring strategy on business processes using as reference the SCOR model. By developing the study upon two SMEs and two large firms, the impacts of re-shoring were assessed in light of firm size. Each case study was built through a questionnaire and a set of interviews aimed at deepening how the decision process underpinning the re-shoring adoption evolved, and how business processes were affected by re-shoring adoption. Evidences from case studies showed that re-shoring is likely to affect business processes, especially if it is coupled with innovation. Finally, decision processes for re-shoring strategy are analyzed in light of Organizational Buying Behavior (OBB) theory, which supported in the identification of the roles played by parties involved. The analysis of the decision process led to a twofold finding. First, an important variable affecting firms’ decision process is complexity, which must be taken into account when evaluating re-shoring adoption. Evidence from case studies identified three variables influencing decision process complexity: firm size, number of internal figures involved in decision process and number of figures involved in the decision process. Large firms who involve many parties in the decision process will suffer a high degree of complexity, and require the involvement of a gatekeeper to filter information. Second, two levels of strategic decisions that companies must undertake are identified. The first level involves decisions about what part of the process is going to be re-shored, who is going to be in charge of executing re-shored activities and whether re-shored activities will be executed in new or already existing plants. The second level of decision involves more specific decisions, such as whether re-shoring will be coupled with the introduction of new technologies, process innovation, product innovation, higher level of automation and, very important, how the foreign plant/s will be used. Limits to the study are set by the few number of case studies developed and to the lack of quantitative data, amenable to two reasons: first, the newness of the topic; second, firms’ unwillingness to share their re-shoring experience, as it could have been a forced solution to a wrong foreign investment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/126385