The aim of this thesis work is the introduction of a softening pre-treatment step, instead of grinding, in a common e-waste recovery process. Due to the strong embedding of metals in plastic framework and due to the presence of a surface polymeric mask on the top of PCBs, a separation technique between plastic and metallic fractions is required. Grinding is the most common way to divide components materials, but it has lots of disadvantages by a practical point of view, therefore a new alternative is proposed to overcome its limitations. The choice of solvent formulations is made in function of polymer-solvent interaction and, at the end of the pre-treatment, metals are liberated and are directly exposed to the subsequent acidic steps. Diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) solvent is already used at the industrial scale and here its behavior is investigated in e-waste processing. Treated samples are analyzed and compared in function of their appearance, their weight variation and their metals extraction, using different techniques. ICP mass spectroscopy was performed in order to obtain metals amount in leaching solutions and to verify that solvent formulations act just on polymeric material. XRF spectroscopy, instead, is useful to verify that metals extraction happens not only at PCBs surface but also between plastic foils. All collected data demonstrate that this alternative pre-treatment is a valid solution and can be easily applied both at laboratory and industrial scale. Further research and testing are necessary to optimize processing parameters and to fully evaluate the techno-economic gains.
Lo scopo di questa tesi è l’introduzione di un pre-trattamento per la dissoluzione polimerica, inseribile un comune processo di riciclo da scarti elettronici al fine di evitare la macinazione. Data la presenza di un rivestimento polimerico sulla superficie dei PCBs a protezione delle tracce metalliche, in ogni processo è richiesto uno step per la separazione della frazione plastica dai metalli stessi e la macinazione è ad oggi la tecnica più diffusa. I suoi numerosi svantaggi, tuttavia, stimolano la ricerca di una nuova alternativa capace di superarne le limitazioni. A tal riguardo, diverse formulazioni sono state testate in funzione dell’interazione polimero-solvente e, al termine del pre-trattamento, i metalli liberati sono stati direttamente esposti ai successivi step acidi. In questo studio si è particolarmente indagato il comportamento del dietilene glicole butil etere (DGBE), un solvente generalmente utilizzato nella rimozione di vernici. I campioni trattati sono stati analizzati usando differenti tecniche per indagarne i cambiamenti visivi, la variazione di peso e l’efficienza dell’estrazione metallica. La spettroscopia di massa ICP ha fornito la quantità di metalli presente nelle soluzioni acide e ha permesso di verificare che le formulazioni basate sul solvente agissero esclusivamente sulla frazione polimerica. La spettroscopia XRF, invece, ha confermato che l’estrazione metallica non fosse limitata alla sola superfice, ma consentisse la dissoluzione delle tracce metalliche imprigionate nella matrice polimerica. Tutti i dati raccolti hanno dimostrato che questo pre-trattamento può essere una valida alternativa alla macinazione ed è facilmente applicabile sia in laboratorio che su scala industriale. Ricerche e prove più approfondite sono necessarie per ottimizzare i parametri del processo e per valutare in toto i guadagni tecnologici ed economici.
Metal extraction processes from unmilled e-waste
MOSSALI, ELENA
2015/2016
Abstract
The aim of this thesis work is the introduction of a softening pre-treatment step, instead of grinding, in a common e-waste recovery process. Due to the strong embedding of metals in plastic framework and due to the presence of a surface polymeric mask on the top of PCBs, a separation technique between plastic and metallic fractions is required. Grinding is the most common way to divide components materials, but it has lots of disadvantages by a practical point of view, therefore a new alternative is proposed to overcome its limitations. The choice of solvent formulations is made in function of polymer-solvent interaction and, at the end of the pre-treatment, metals are liberated and are directly exposed to the subsequent acidic steps. Diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) solvent is already used at the industrial scale and here its behavior is investigated in e-waste processing. Treated samples are analyzed and compared in function of their appearance, their weight variation and their metals extraction, using different techniques. ICP mass spectroscopy was performed in order to obtain metals amount in leaching solutions and to verify that solvent formulations act just on polymeric material. XRF spectroscopy, instead, is useful to verify that metals extraction happens not only at PCBs surface but also between plastic foils. All collected data demonstrate that this alternative pre-treatment is a valid solution and can be easily applied both at laboratory and industrial scale. Further research and testing are necessary to optimize processing parameters and to fully evaluate the techno-economic gains.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2016_12_Mossali.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/127681