This work focuses on the experimental investigation of swirl injection eff ects on solid fuels for hybrid rocket engines burning in N2O. The relative ballistic grading is achieved by a 2D radial micro-burner enabling lab-scale testing of di fferent fuel formulations under controlled operating conditions. The characterization is based on the regression rate (rf ) of the solid fuel, that is evaluated by a non-intrusive timeresolved technique. In this work, two diff erent fuel formulations are considered: one is based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), while the second is based on a commercial paraffi n (Sasolwax 0907). In the study both standard and swirled flow are considered. The HTPB burning in standard flow is taken as reference. Then the eff ects of swirl injection and intensity are investigated in details. The experimental setup enables to work with a geometrical swirl number (Sg) of 1.91. With this injection system, diff erent swirl levels are investigated changing the distance between the sample head-end and the injection inlet. In this way, swirl intensities (as evaluated by the Chang-Dhir correlation) results in the range 2.4 to 2.7. The tests were executed at 1.0 MPa with oxidizer mass flow rates in the range 3.0 to 8.2 g/s. Considering standard flow injection and HTPB as fuel, the use of N2O with oxidizer mass flow rate (m9 ox) of 6 g/s yielded a rf of 0.63 mm/s at the oxidizer mass flux (Gox) of 400 kg/(m2s), while rf = 0.47 mm/s for Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Under the standard injection, the paraffi n-based fuel revealed a rf = 1.87 mm/s at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) and rf = 1.22 mm/s at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s), thus testifying the positive eff ect of the entrainment. The implementation of the swirl flow with intensity of 2.4 yielded a HTPB rf increase over the standard case of 42.8% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 7.1% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For paraffi n the percent increase over the baseline is 277.7% at Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) and 248.1% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). The entrainment behaviour plus the swirl injection promote a rf enhancement over the HTPB burning under similar operating conditions. Passing to a swirl intensity of 2.7, the performance enhancement is improved for both fuel formulations. The HTPB rf increase over the standard case is of 49% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 23.8% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For Sasolwax 0907 the percent increase over the baseline is 322.8% at Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) and 265% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). The increase of the mass ow rate to 8.2 g/s at swirl intensity of 2.7 does not translate in regression rate increase. The HTPB rf increase over the standard case is of 24.9% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 19.6% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For Sasolwax 0907 the increase over the baseline is 250.6% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) and 231.3% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Thus, thanks to the improved turbulent mixing and heat transfer, the swirl may promote the regression rate enhancement with respect to axial standard injection.
Il presente lavoro tratta l'indagine sperimentale degli eff etti di iniezione swirl su combustibili solidi per motori a propulsione ibrida in N2O. Il confronto balistico è condotto tramite un micro-bruciatore 2D che permette di testare di fferenti formulazioni di combustibile in diverse condizioni operative. La caratterizzazione è basata sulla velocit à di regressione (rf) del grano solido, la quale viene valutata con una tecnica non intrusiva risolta nel tempo. In questo studio, due di fferenti formulazioni di combustibile sono state considerate: una e basata sul polibutadiene a terminazione idrossilica (HTPB), mentre la seconda e una paraffi na commerciale (Sasolwax 0907). Sia flusso standard sia quello con swirl sono stati oggetto di studio. Il riferimento per la caratterizzazione balistica relativa e HTPB testato in condizioni di iniezione standard. In seguito sono stati analizzati gli e ffetti dell'iniezione swirl e della sua intensit à. Il setup sperimentale e caratterizzato da swirl geometrico (Sg) pari a 1.91. Con questo apparato, di fferenti intensit à di swirl sono state implementate variando la distanza tra sezione frontale del provino di test e punto di iniezione. L'intesit à di swirl risultante (valutata con la correlazione di Chang-Dhir) è compresa tra 2.4 e 2.7. I test sono stati eseguiti a 1.0 MPa con portata variabile da 3.0 a 8.2 g/s. Considerando condizioni standard e HTPB come combustibile, l'impiego di N2O con portata massica (m_ox) pari a 6 g/s ha portato a rf = 0.63 mm/s a flusso massico di ossidante (Gox) pari a 400 kg/(m2s), mentre si e ottenuto rf = 0.47 mm/s per Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Sotto le stesse condizioni, il combustibile a base paraffi nico ha mostrato rf = 1.87 mm/s a Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) e rf = 1.22 mm/s a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s), sottolineando l'e ffetto positivo dell'entrainment. L'uso di un flusso swirl pari a 2.4 ha permesso un incremento di rf per HTPB rispetto al caso standard di 42.8% a Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) e di 7.1% a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Per la Sasolwax 0907 l'incremento percentuale di rf e stato di 277.7% a Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) e 248.1% a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). L'eff etto di entrainment e il flusso swirl promuovono un ulteriore incremento di rf rispetto ad HTPB nelle stesse condizioni operative. Ad intensit à di swirl 2.7, rf mostra un ulteriore incremento per entrambe le formulazioni. L'incremento di rf per HTPB è pari a 49% per Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) e a 23.8% per Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Per Sasolwax 0907 l'incremento e 322.8% a Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) e 265% a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Per m_ox = 8.2 g/s e Si = 2.7, l'incremento di rf per HTPB e di 24.9% a Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) e di 19.6% a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Per la paraffi na l'incremento e 250.6% a Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) e 231.3% a Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Di conseguenza, grazie all'aumento del mixing turbulento e del trasferimento di energia alla fase solida, l'uso di un FLusso swirl pu ò promuovere l'aumento della velocit à di regressione rispetto a condizioni standard.
Experimental investigation of swirl injection effects on solid fuels burning in N2O
FERRIAN, FABIO
2015/2016
Abstract
This work focuses on the experimental investigation of swirl injection eff ects on solid fuels for hybrid rocket engines burning in N2O. The relative ballistic grading is achieved by a 2D radial micro-burner enabling lab-scale testing of di fferent fuel formulations under controlled operating conditions. The characterization is based on the regression rate (rf ) of the solid fuel, that is evaluated by a non-intrusive timeresolved technique. In this work, two diff erent fuel formulations are considered: one is based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), while the second is based on a commercial paraffi n (Sasolwax 0907). In the study both standard and swirled flow are considered. The HTPB burning in standard flow is taken as reference. Then the eff ects of swirl injection and intensity are investigated in details. The experimental setup enables to work with a geometrical swirl number (Sg) of 1.91. With this injection system, diff erent swirl levels are investigated changing the distance between the sample head-end and the injection inlet. In this way, swirl intensities (as evaluated by the Chang-Dhir correlation) results in the range 2.4 to 2.7. The tests were executed at 1.0 MPa with oxidizer mass flow rates in the range 3.0 to 8.2 g/s. Considering standard flow injection and HTPB as fuel, the use of N2O with oxidizer mass flow rate (m9 ox) of 6 g/s yielded a rf of 0.63 mm/s at the oxidizer mass flux (Gox) of 400 kg/(m2s), while rf = 0.47 mm/s for Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Under the standard injection, the paraffi n-based fuel revealed a rf = 1.87 mm/s at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) and rf = 1.22 mm/s at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s), thus testifying the positive eff ect of the entrainment. The implementation of the swirl flow with intensity of 2.4 yielded a HTPB rf increase over the standard case of 42.8% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 7.1% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For paraffi n the percent increase over the baseline is 277.7% at Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) and 248.1% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). The entrainment behaviour plus the swirl injection promote a rf enhancement over the HTPB burning under similar operating conditions. Passing to a swirl intensity of 2.7, the performance enhancement is improved for both fuel formulations. The HTPB rf increase over the standard case is of 49% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 23.8% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For Sasolwax 0907 the percent increase over the baseline is 322.8% at Gox = 375 kg/(m2s) and 265% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). The increase of the mass ow rate to 8.2 g/s at swirl intensity of 2.7 does not translate in regression rate increase. The HTPB rf increase over the standard case is of 24.9% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s), and of 19.6% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). For Sasolwax 0907 the increase over the baseline is 250.6% at Gox = 400 kg/(m2s) and 231.3% at Gox = 200 kg/(m2s). Thus, thanks to the improved turbulent mixing and heat transfer, the swirl may promote the regression rate enhancement with respect to axial standard injection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/128421