During this thesis, Computational Fluid-Dynamics techniques (CFD) were employed to simulate the air charge flow through the ports and inside the cylinder of an heavy duty diesel engine in order to reproduce its flow field using limited amount of time and computational resources. The charge flow characteristics have a major influence over the efficiency and the pollutant production of an engine, so that they are thoroughly studied from both experimental and numerical point of view by the manufacturers. In order to evaluate the typology and the intensity of these motions, stationary flow benches and optical access engines are used, but in the last years flow simulations have become more and more accurate and fast, so that CFD analyses are often employed as well as experimental data during the design process. This thesis was carried out in collaboration with FPT Industrial which provided the geometries, experimental data and simulation results, obtained by means of the commercial software STAR-CCM+, relative to the Cursor 11 engine. After an introduction to internal combustion engines, the theoretical bases of fluid flow, turbulence and finite volume method applied to CFD are illustrated. The open-source code used, OpenFOAM, is briefly presented together with the meshing softwares and the additional library employed. The simulations were performed to replicate the results measured at the flow bench in terms of mass flow rate, swirl ratio and generated torque, assessing their accuracy by comparing them with FPT's data and calculating the model capability of conserving angular momentum. The motored full cycle cold flow was also simulated for two different engine speeds in order to verify the compliance of in-cylinder pressure and mass with the results of a one-dimensional simulation performed with the commercial software GT-POWER. Additionally, the created flow structures were assessed by means of a qualitative analysis, while discharge coefficient and swirl ratio trends were compared with those obtained from the steady-state simulations.
Durante questa tesi, tecniche di fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD) sono state impegate per simulare il flusso della carica d'aria entrante in un motore diesel heavy duty con lo scopo di ottenere un metodo per riprodurne il campo di moto con un limitato dispendio di tempo e risorse di calcolo. Le caratteristiche del moto della carica influiscono fortemente sul rendimento e sulla generazione di sostanze inquinanti di un motore, per cui sono oggetto di approfondite analisi sperimentali e numeriche da parte dei costruttori di propulsori per il trasporto. Per valutare la tipologia e l'intensità di tali moti, si impiegano banchi di flussaggio stazionaro e motori ad accesso ottico, ma negli ultimi anni le simulazioni fluidodinamiche sono diventate sempre più veloci e accurate, tanto che le analisi CFD sono sempre più spesso affiancate ai dati sperimentali durante la progettazione. Questa tesi è stata svolta in collaborazione con FPT Industrial che ha fornito le geometrie e i dati, sia sperimentali che risultanti da simulazioni effettuate con il software commerciale STAR-CCM+, relativi al motore Cursor 11. Dopo una introduzione ai motori a combustione interna, le basi teoriche su moto dei fluidi, turbolenza e volumi finiti applicati all CFD sono illustrate. Il codice open-source utilizzato, OpenFOAM, è brevemete presentato insieme ai software di generazione delle mesh e alle librerie aggiuntive impiegate. Le simulazioni sono state svolte per replicare i risultati di misure effettuate al banco di flussaggio in termini di portata d'aria, rapporto di swirl e coppia generata, misurandone l'accuratezza tramite il confronto con i dati FPT e misurando la capacità dei modelli di conservare il momento angolare. Il ciclo freddo trascinato è stato poi simulato per due diverse velocità del motore allo scopo di verificare la conformità di pressione e massa intrappolata nel cilindro con i risultati di una simulazione mono-dimensionale fatta con il software commerciale GT-POWER. Le strutture di moto generatesi sono state valutate qualitativamente, mentre l'andamento di coefficiente d'efflusso e rapporto di swirl sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti con le simulazioni stazionarie.
CFD modeling of cold flow in a heavy duty diesel engine under steady-state and full-cycle conditions
MERCATI, DANIELE
2015/2016
Abstract
During this thesis, Computational Fluid-Dynamics techniques (CFD) were employed to simulate the air charge flow through the ports and inside the cylinder of an heavy duty diesel engine in order to reproduce its flow field using limited amount of time and computational resources. The charge flow characteristics have a major influence over the efficiency and the pollutant production of an engine, so that they are thoroughly studied from both experimental and numerical point of view by the manufacturers. In order to evaluate the typology and the intensity of these motions, stationary flow benches and optical access engines are used, but in the last years flow simulations have become more and more accurate and fast, so that CFD analyses are often employed as well as experimental data during the design process. This thesis was carried out in collaboration with FPT Industrial which provided the geometries, experimental data and simulation results, obtained by means of the commercial software STAR-CCM+, relative to the Cursor 11 engine. After an introduction to internal combustion engines, the theoretical bases of fluid flow, turbulence and finite volume method applied to CFD are illustrated. The open-source code used, OpenFOAM, is briefly presented together with the meshing softwares and the additional library employed. The simulations were performed to replicate the results measured at the flow bench in terms of mass flow rate, swirl ratio and generated torque, assessing their accuracy by comparing them with FPT's data and calculating the model capability of conserving angular momentum. The motored full cycle cold flow was also simulated for two different engine speeds in order to verify the compliance of in-cylinder pressure and mass with the results of a one-dimensional simulation performed with the commercial software GT-POWER. Additionally, the created flow structures were assessed by means of a qualitative analysis, while discharge coefficient and swirl ratio trends were compared with those obtained from the steady-state simulations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/128901