The expansion of the Panama Canal has been recently accomplished, just over 100 years after the Panama Canal opened. It is considered possibly the most impactful transportation project today. This expansion will benefit the Panama Canal’s users, Panama and the global trade. In addition to the rise of the capacity, the Panama Canal expansion will impulse different services related to the maritime industry and to the international trade flow, facilitating the transportation of goods between the different markets. Regarding the logistics aspect, possibly there will be potential shifts in cargo flows, consequently, the expansion will create new opportunities, which will lead to new sailing routes for transporting goods, new distribution patterns, and the formation and improvements of logistics hubs such as ports and logistics parks throughout America. Therefore, it is expected that there will be significant effects in the logistics industry, which will affect the worldwide trade of goods and inland infrastructure. There are several expectations, but the real impact of the Panama Canal expansion will be seen not suddenly but over the years. Therefore, shippers, carriers, and infrastructure operators are full of uncertainty regarding the way to approach the Panama Canal expansion, whether to use the “analyse and act” or the “wait and see” strategy. Based on the expectations, they are encouraged to invest in terminals at U.S. Coast ports that will gain traffic once the Panama Canal is expanded. In addition, the Panama Canal is expected to be the ideal route of moving goods from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast only when expenditures outweigh the additional time in transit. The final decision for shippers, carriers, and infrastructure operators should depend on the analysis of the cargo movement between the U.S. Coasts and a cost-benefit analysis of the trade routes used by them. The main objectives of this thesis are to provide historical facts and features of the existing Panama Canal, outline background information and aspects of the Panama Canal Expansion Program, to describe the potential effects of the Panama Canal expansion on the logistics sector in America, to assess the potential shift in East Asia container traffic from the U.S. West Coast to the U.S. East Coast attached with the Panama Canal expansion, and to evaluate the best route for transporting goods from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast based on different attributes, such as time, cost, energy, and carbon dioxide, taking into account the Panama Canal expansion. For the assessment of the potential shifts in cargo movement, data from the Commodity Flow Survey (CFS), carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau, was utilized. For the evaluation of the best route for transporting goods, it was necessary the use of the integrated Geospatial Intermodal Freight Transportation (GIFT) Model / Ship Traffic, Energy, and Environmental Model (STEEM), developed by scholars of both the University of Delaware and Rochester Institute of Technology. Concerning the possible diversion of cargo traffic, the results showed that after the expansion of the Panama Canal, there will not be a significant shift in the movement of cargo from the U.S. West Coast to the U.S. East Coast, which is contrary as it was expected. In fact, there will be less port calls by larger vessels. Regarding the best alternative for shipping from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast, it depends on what attribute the shipper is more concerned about. The cheapest option is the all-water route via the Panama Canal, but it is also the longest one, and in terms of energy and carbon dioxide, it is the intermediate alternative. For a faster delivery time, the best choice is intermodal freight transport via ship and truck, however, this alternative is the most expensive, consumes more energy and emits more carbon dioxide to the environment. The most environmentally friendly route is intermodal freight transport via ship and rail, which have the lowest values of energy and carbon dioxide, and in relation with time and cost, it is the intermediate option. The results implies that at the present, infrastructure operators should not be too concerned to rush in investing on inland infrastructure to accommodate larger vessels. Finally, depending on the values of key shipping variables, such as time, cost, energy, and carbon dioxide, shippers and carriers can choose the shipping route from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast that best fit their needs.
L’espansione del Canale di Panama è recentemente terminata, solo dopo cento anni dall’inaugurazione del Canale già esistente. A oggi è considerato il progetto con il maggiore impatto sui trasporti. L’espansione beneficerà gli utenti utilizzatori del Canale di Panama, lo stato di Panama e il commercio globale. L’espansione del Canale di Panama aumenterà la capacità operativa e impatterà su diversi servizi relativi alla industria marittima e ai commerci internazionali, facilitando i trasporti di materiali tra i diversi mercati. Per quanto riguarda l’aspetto logistico, possibilmente avverranno cambi nei flussi di spedizioni via mare, conseguentemente l’espansione porterà a nuove opportunità, come la creazione di nuove strade per il trasporto delle merci, nuove tendenze nella distribuzione, e creazione e miglioramento di hub logistici come proti e parchi logistici in America. Ci si aspetta quindi che ci saranno significativi effetti nella industria logistica che influenza il commercio globale e le infrastrutture terrestri. Ci sono diverse aspettative, ma i reali effetti dell’ampliamento del Canale di Panama non si noteranno nel vicino futuro ma lungo gli anni. Perciò, spedizionieri, trasportatori e operatori di infrastrutture logistiche possiedono diverse incertezze relative a come approciarsi all’espansione del Canale di Panama, se usare la strategia di “analizzare ed capire” o “aspettare ed agire” di conseguenza a quello che accadrà. Questi operatori sono incoraggiati a investire in terminal nei porti delle Coste degli Stati Uniti che aumenterano il traffico una volta terminata la totale espansione del Canale di Panama. Inoltre, il Canale di Panama ci si aspetta che sia la via ideale per fare transitare merci dall’Asia Orientale verso la Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti solo se la riduzione dei costi coprirà l’aumento del tempo di transito dovuto all utilizzo della via marina. La decisione finale per spedizionieri, trasportatori ed operatori di infrastrutture logistiche dovrebbe dipendere dalle analisi delle merci movimentate verso le Coste degli Stati Uniti e dall’analisi relativa ai costi-benefici delle vie commerciali usate da questi. I principali scopi di questa tesi sono i seguenti: fornire fatti ed elementi storici relativi al primo Canale di Panama, di riassumere le caratteristiche e le informazioni che rappresentano il background del Programma dell’Espansionde del Canale di Panama, di descrivere i potenziali effetti di tale espansione nel settore logistico in America, di valutare i potenziali cambi nelle spedzioni di container dell’Asia Orientale dalla Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti alla Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti e valutare la migliore via per il trasporto di merci dall’Asia Orientale alla Costa Orientale degli Stati Unti basato su differenti variabili come tempo, costo, consumi di energia ed emissioni di anidride carbonica. Per individuare i possibili cambi nelle movimentazioni di merci, sono stati utlizzati i dati relativi ai Commodity Flow Survey (CFS), generato dal U.S. Census Bureau. Per la valutazione del migliore tragitto per il trasporto delle merci è stato necessario l’utilizzo del programma integrato Geospatial Intermodal Freight Transportation (GIFT) Model / Ship Traffic, Energy, and Environmental Model (STEEM), sviluppato dai professori delle University of Delaware e Rochester Institute of Technology. Per quanto riguarda il possibile cambio del traffico di merci, i risultati hanno mostrato che dopo l’espansione del Canale di Panama, non ci sarà un cambio significativo nel spostamento delle attività logistiche dalla Costa Occidentale alla Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti, il che è contrario a quanto aspettato. Infatti, ci saranno meno fermate svolte dalle navi più grandi. Per quanto riguarda le migliori alternative per spedire dall’Asia Orientale alla Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti, dipende in base alle variabili a cui lo spedizioniere risulta essere più interessato. Risulta essere la opzione più economica quella di spedire solo via mare attraverso il Canale di Panama, ma si nota essere anche la più lunga in termini di tempo, e una soluzione intermedia se si guardano i consumi di energia e le emissioni di anidride carbonica. Per spedizioni veloci, la scelta migliore è il trasporto itermodale via nave e bilico, tuttavia, questa alternativa risulta essere la più costosa, consumando più energia ed emettendo alti volumi di anidride carbonica nell’ambiente. La soluzione meno contaminante è il trasporto intermodale via nave e treno, che consuma la minore quantità di anidride carbonica e di energia, e in relazione ai tempi ed ai costi, risulta essere l’opzione itermedia. I risultati implicano che in questo momento gli operatori delle infrastrutture logistiche non dovrebbero essere così interessati ad investire in infrastrutture terresti per ospiare le navi più grandi. In fine, in funzione dei valori delle principali variabili legati alle spedizione, come tempo costo energia ed emissioni di anidride carbonica, gli spedizionieri e i trasportatori possono scelgiere la via di trasporto dall’Asia Orientale alla Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti che più si avicini alle loro necessità.
The impact of the Panama canal expansion on the logistics throughout America
MARTINEZ CARRIZO, JAVIER EDUARDO
2015/2016
Abstract
The expansion of the Panama Canal has been recently accomplished, just over 100 years after the Panama Canal opened. It is considered possibly the most impactful transportation project today. This expansion will benefit the Panama Canal’s users, Panama and the global trade. In addition to the rise of the capacity, the Panama Canal expansion will impulse different services related to the maritime industry and to the international trade flow, facilitating the transportation of goods between the different markets. Regarding the logistics aspect, possibly there will be potential shifts in cargo flows, consequently, the expansion will create new opportunities, which will lead to new sailing routes for transporting goods, new distribution patterns, and the formation and improvements of logistics hubs such as ports and logistics parks throughout America. Therefore, it is expected that there will be significant effects in the logistics industry, which will affect the worldwide trade of goods and inland infrastructure. There are several expectations, but the real impact of the Panama Canal expansion will be seen not suddenly but over the years. Therefore, shippers, carriers, and infrastructure operators are full of uncertainty regarding the way to approach the Panama Canal expansion, whether to use the “analyse and act” or the “wait and see” strategy. Based on the expectations, they are encouraged to invest in terminals at U.S. Coast ports that will gain traffic once the Panama Canal is expanded. In addition, the Panama Canal is expected to be the ideal route of moving goods from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast only when expenditures outweigh the additional time in transit. The final decision for shippers, carriers, and infrastructure operators should depend on the analysis of the cargo movement between the U.S. Coasts and a cost-benefit analysis of the trade routes used by them. The main objectives of this thesis are to provide historical facts and features of the existing Panama Canal, outline background information and aspects of the Panama Canal Expansion Program, to describe the potential effects of the Panama Canal expansion on the logistics sector in America, to assess the potential shift in East Asia container traffic from the U.S. West Coast to the U.S. East Coast attached with the Panama Canal expansion, and to evaluate the best route for transporting goods from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast based on different attributes, such as time, cost, energy, and carbon dioxide, taking into account the Panama Canal expansion. For the assessment of the potential shifts in cargo movement, data from the Commodity Flow Survey (CFS), carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau, was utilized. For the evaluation of the best route for transporting goods, it was necessary the use of the integrated Geospatial Intermodal Freight Transportation (GIFT) Model / Ship Traffic, Energy, and Environmental Model (STEEM), developed by scholars of both the University of Delaware and Rochester Institute of Technology. Concerning the possible diversion of cargo traffic, the results showed that after the expansion of the Panama Canal, there will not be a significant shift in the movement of cargo from the U.S. West Coast to the U.S. East Coast, which is contrary as it was expected. In fact, there will be less port calls by larger vessels. Regarding the best alternative for shipping from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast, it depends on what attribute the shipper is more concerned about. The cheapest option is the all-water route via the Panama Canal, but it is also the longest one, and in terms of energy and carbon dioxide, it is the intermediate alternative. For a faster delivery time, the best choice is intermodal freight transport via ship and truck, however, this alternative is the most expensive, consumes more energy and emits more carbon dioxide to the environment. The most environmentally friendly route is intermodal freight transport via ship and rail, which have the lowest values of energy and carbon dioxide, and in relation with time and cost, it is the intermediate option. The results implies that at the present, infrastructure operators should not be too concerned to rush in investing on inland infrastructure to accommodate larger vessels. Finally, depending on the values of key shipping variables, such as time, cost, energy, and carbon dioxide, shippers and carriers can choose the shipping route from East Asia to the U.S. East Coast that best fit their needs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/131272