The diagnostic imaging area using Magnetic Resonance (MR) devices had a great spread in the last twenty years, thanks to the gradual improvement of technologies. The magnetic resonance is a diagnostic study that provides highly detailed and with high contrast human body images using magnetic fields and radio waves, allowing to highlight minimal differences in various apparatuses’ composition and structure and their anomalies. One of the major advantages of this methodology compared to other conventional radiological techniques (as RX and CT) is that, even if it isn’t based on the use of ionizing radiation, it can produce high quality and three-dimensional images as well. Those factors bring physicians to consider essential the use of magnetic resonance in order to evaluate more effectively patients in the diagnostic and clinical pathway. The traditional magnetic resonance device has the shape of an end-open cylinder, inside which it is placed the patient table that will accommodate the patient during the examination. This cylindrical shape awarded to the device the "closed" adjective. In recent years, “open” resonances have been introduced in the market and in the hospitals. Their main feature is to present a gantry with a non-cylindrical geometry. The usefulness of this new equipment is the ability to assess the pathological situation of obese individuals and claustrophobic ones, who would have difficulties to undergo a diagnostic examination of traditional MRI. The present work aims to design a comparison Health Technology Assessment (HTA) model between open and closed MR. The implementation of this HTA model calls for the analysis and comparison of different type of factors, aimed at contribute to a complete understanding of the problem. The main objective of our HTA model is to evaluate the clinical, social, organizational, economic, ethical and legal use of open and closed MR; to do this it was necessary to analyze different parameters: Effectiveness: assessment of the differences between open and closed MR in different clinical applications and evaluation of their accuracy degree; Safety: safety standards and legislations applied to operators, to patients, to others and to the environment; Costs: at the micro economic level in terms of repayments, DRG, purchase, maintenance, installation of the MR device; whereas at the macroeconomic level in terms of national health impact on the economy; Social impact: degree of comfort in the claustrophobics, children and obese patients; Organization: in the business environment, the technical specifications that has to be fulfilled for the equipment to be installed and for the equipment rooms; Efficiency: evaluation of the benefit / cost / time of the MR examination; User staff: description of the experts involved in the MR area. In this thesis are also introduced interviews to focused on different healthcare professionals, such as radiologists or company representative, in order to make a completed discussion including qualified personnel point of view. Open and closed MR have been compared based on the previous criteria; later five macro parameters have been defined and the model has been determined according to them. In particular, the selected criteria are: the market price of the MR device, the quality of the imaging technique, patient comfort, the types of performable exams and their duration. Depending on the selected features of each macro parameter, we can determine which one is the best MR that fulfills the specified requirements, through the sum of the single partial parameter score. The ultimate goal is to create a HTA model that is based on the user’s input and has in output the result of the most complete and recommended between open and closed MR.
Il settore della diagnostica per immagini mediante apparecchiature a Risonanza Magnetica (RM) ha avuto negli ultimi venti anni una grande diffusione dovuta al progressivo miglioramento delle tecnologie. La RM è un'indagine diagnostica che fornisce immagini del corpo umano molto dettagliate e ad elevato contrasto utilizzando campi magnetici e onde radio. Permette di evidenziare minime differenze nella composizione e nella struttura dei vari apparati, ed anche anomalie degli stessi. Uno dei vantaggi maggiori di questa metodica rispetto alle altre tecniche radiologiche tradizionali (per es. RX e TAC) è quella di consentire l’ottenimento di immagini di ottima qualità e tridimensionali, pur non basandosi sull’impiego di radiazioni ionizzanti. È da questi fattori che deriva l’idea che sia essenziale ricorrere a questa metodica per valutare in modo più efficace i pazienti nel percorso diagnostico-clinico. L’apparecchiatura RM tradizionale ha la forma di un cilindro aperto alle estremità al cui interno è posizionato il tavolo porta-paziente che ospiterà il paziente durante l’esame. Questa conformazione “a cilindro” ha conferito all’apparecchiatura l’aggettivo di “chiusa”. Negli ultimi anni, invece, si è assistito all’introduzione nel mercato e nelle aziende ospedaliere di apparecchiature di risonanza magnetica cosiddette “aperte”. La loro caratteristica è quella di presentare un gantry, inteso come lo spazio all’interno del quale viene posizionato il paziente, con geometria non cilindrica. L’utilità di questa nuova apparecchiatura sta nella possibilità di valutare individui obesi, soggetti pediatrici e claustrofobici, i quali avrebbero delle difficoltà a sottoporsi ad un esame diagnostico di risonanza magnetica tradizionale. Il presente lavoro di tesi è volto ad ideare un modello di confronto nell’ambito dell’Health Technology Assessment (HTA) tra RM aperta e chiusa. L’implementazione di tale modello richiede l’analisi e il confronto di vari fattori, atti a concorrere ad una completa comprensione della problematica. L’obiettivo principale di un modello di HTA è quello di valutare le implicazioni cliniche, sociali, organizzative, economiche, etiche e legai. In questa tesi i fattori descritti sono valutati in relazione all’utilizzo della RM aperta e chiusa; per fare ciò è stato necessario analizzare diversi parametri: Efficacia: valutazione delle differenze tra RM aperta e chiusa nelle diverse applicazioni cliniche e valutazione del loro grado di precisione. Sicurezza: norme di sicurezza per operatore, paziente, terzi e ambiente. Costi: a livello microeconomico in termini di rimborsi, DRG, acquisto, manutenzione, installazione dell’apparecchiatura; a livello macroeconomico in termini di impatto sull’economia sanitaria a livello nazionale cioè costo dell’esame. Impatto sociale: grado di comfort nel paziente claustrofobico, nei bambini e negli obesi. Organizzazione: nell’ambito aziendale, le specifiche tecniche che devono essere soddisfatte sia per quanto riguarda l’apparecchiatura da installare che i locali. Efficienza: valutazione del rapporto beneficio/costi/tempo dell’esame RM. Personale utilizzatore: definizione degli specialisti coinvolti in un sito di RM. In questo lavoro di tesi sono state, inoltre, introdotte interviste mirate ai medici radiologi di differenti strutture sanitarie, al fine di rendere la trattazione più completa grazie all’inserimento di punti di vista di personale qualificato o di chi è a stretto contatto con la suddetta tecnologia quotidianamente. Le RM aperta e chiusa sono state confrontate sulla base dei criteri precedentemente elencati; sono stati poi definiti cinque macro parametri in funzione dei quali si è determinato un modello base. Nello specifico, i criteri selezionati sono: il prezzo di mercato, la qualità dell'immagine, il comfort del paziente, le tipologie di esami eseguibili e la durata degli stessi. A seconda delle specifiche selezionate per ogni macro parametro, attraverso la somma dei punteggi parziali precedentemente assegnati ad ognuno di essi, si determinerà quale sia l'RM che maggiormente soddisfa i requisiti indicati. Lo scopo finale del presente lavoro di tesi è quello di creare un modello di HTA che, in base agli input inseriti dell’utente, dia come output quale dei due tipi di RM risponde in modo più completo alle specifiche indicate.
Implemetazione di un modello di health technology assessment per una valutazione comparativa tra risonanza magnetica aperta e chiusa
BALISTRERI, ROBERTA;GRECO, FRANCESCA
2015/2016
Abstract
The diagnostic imaging area using Magnetic Resonance (MR) devices had a great spread in the last twenty years, thanks to the gradual improvement of technologies. The magnetic resonance is a diagnostic study that provides highly detailed and with high contrast human body images using magnetic fields and radio waves, allowing to highlight minimal differences in various apparatuses’ composition and structure and their anomalies. One of the major advantages of this methodology compared to other conventional radiological techniques (as RX and CT) is that, even if it isn’t based on the use of ionizing radiation, it can produce high quality and three-dimensional images as well. Those factors bring physicians to consider essential the use of magnetic resonance in order to evaluate more effectively patients in the diagnostic and clinical pathway. The traditional magnetic resonance device has the shape of an end-open cylinder, inside which it is placed the patient table that will accommodate the patient during the examination. This cylindrical shape awarded to the device the "closed" adjective. In recent years, “open” resonances have been introduced in the market and in the hospitals. Their main feature is to present a gantry with a non-cylindrical geometry. The usefulness of this new equipment is the ability to assess the pathological situation of obese individuals and claustrophobic ones, who would have difficulties to undergo a diagnostic examination of traditional MRI. The present work aims to design a comparison Health Technology Assessment (HTA) model between open and closed MR. The implementation of this HTA model calls for the analysis and comparison of different type of factors, aimed at contribute to a complete understanding of the problem. The main objective of our HTA model is to evaluate the clinical, social, organizational, economic, ethical and legal use of open and closed MR; to do this it was necessary to analyze different parameters: Effectiveness: assessment of the differences between open and closed MR in different clinical applications and evaluation of their accuracy degree; Safety: safety standards and legislations applied to operators, to patients, to others and to the environment; Costs: at the micro economic level in terms of repayments, DRG, purchase, maintenance, installation of the MR device; whereas at the macroeconomic level in terms of national health impact on the economy; Social impact: degree of comfort in the claustrophobics, children and obese patients; Organization: in the business environment, the technical specifications that has to be fulfilled for the equipment to be installed and for the equipment rooms; Efficiency: evaluation of the benefit / cost / time of the MR examination; User staff: description of the experts involved in the MR area. In this thesis are also introduced interviews to focused on different healthcare professionals, such as radiologists or company representative, in order to make a completed discussion including qualified personnel point of view. Open and closed MR have been compared based on the previous criteria; later five macro parameters have been defined and the model has been determined according to them. In particular, the selected criteria are: the market price of the MR device, the quality of the imaging technique, patient comfort, the types of performable exams and their duration. Depending on the selected features of each macro parameter, we can determine which one is the best MR that fulfills the specified requirements, through the sum of the single partial parameter score. The ultimate goal is to create a HTA model that is based on the user’s input and has in output the result of the most complete and recommended between open and closed MR.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/131515