The thesis aims to provide guidelines and design methodologies for the realization of a Shaping Amplifier circuit (Shaper) to be included in X – ray detectors systems. After describing the role of this circuit in the signal acquisition chain, two essential parameters for the design phase are introduced: the Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) and the shaping time. The shaper families that most effectively minimize the previous two parameters are then presented: a real – pole filter CR - RC^n and the semigaussian – complex – conjugate poles one. Comparing these two topologies in terms of performance, output signal characteristics, counting efficiency and circuit implementation, a shaper filter with complex – conjugate poles was thus selected. This one could be realized by using two common circuit topologies: the Sallen – Key cell and Multiple Feedback one. After a detailed comparison between these two in terms of physical reliability, frequency response, noise, stability and sensitivity, the Multiple Feedback has been selected and implemented. At this point, an algorithm for cell components tuning is introduced: this permits an optimization of the power and the area of the chip, absolutely fundamental aspects in electronic circuit design field. The analyses end with the description of the Baseline Holder, a device that is able to reduce the effect of the dark current of the sensor and of the statistical fluctuations of the baseline by properly setting the value of the DC signal, thanks to a low - frequency feedback configuration. The last chapter is finally devoted to a description of a specific case in which the shapers are currently employed in the laboratory: characterization and identification of the atomic structure of a generic crystal starting from its diffraction properties as a result of its interaction with X – rays.
La tesi si propone di fornire delle linee guida e metodologie di progetto per la realizzazione di un circuito Shaping Amplifier (Shaper) da includere in sistemi per rivelatori di radiazione X. Descritto il ruolo di questo circuito nella catena di acquisizione del segnale, vengono introdotti due parametri essenziali per la fase di design: la Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) e lo shaping time. Vengono poi presentate le famiglie di shaper che minimizzano nella maniera più efficace i due parametri precedenti: il filtro a poli reali CR – RC^n e quello semigaussiano a poli complessi coniugati. Confrontate le due tipologie in termini di performance, caratteristiche del segnale d’uscita, efficienza di conteggio e implementazione del circuito, si giunge così alla selezione di un filtro formatore a poli complessi coniugati, comunemente realizzato attraverso l’impiego di due topologie circuitali: la cella di Sallen - Key e la Multiple Feedback. A seguito di un dettagliato confronto tra le due in termini di fisica realizzabilità, risposta in frequenza, rumore, stabilità e sensitività, la Multiple Feedback è stata selezionata e implementata. Viene a questo punto presentato un algoritmo impiegato per il tuning dei componenti all’interno della cella, che permette un’ottimizzazione della potenza e dell’area del chip, aspetti assolutamente fondamentali nella progettazione di un circuito elettronico. L’analisi termina con la descrizione del Baseline Holder, un dispositivo in grado di ridurre l’effetto della corrente di buio del sensore e delle fluttuazioni statistiche della linea di base, settando correttamente il valore in DC del segnale grazie ad una configurazione retroazionata operante a bassa frequenza. L’ultimo capitolo è infine dedicato alla descrizione di un caso specifico in cui gli shaper per rivelatori di radiazione sono attualmente impiegati in laboratorio: la caratterizzazione e l’individuazione della struttura atomica di un generico cristallo a partire dalle sue proprietà diffrattometriche a seguito dell’interazione con raggi X.
Design criteria of a shaping amplifier for radiation detectors
LONGOBUCCO, MATTIA
2015/2016
Abstract
The thesis aims to provide guidelines and design methodologies for the realization of a Shaping Amplifier circuit (Shaper) to be included in X – ray detectors systems. After describing the role of this circuit in the signal acquisition chain, two essential parameters for the design phase are introduced: the Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) and the shaping time. The shaper families that most effectively minimize the previous two parameters are then presented: a real – pole filter CR - RC^n and the semigaussian – complex – conjugate poles one. Comparing these two topologies in terms of performance, output signal characteristics, counting efficiency and circuit implementation, a shaper filter with complex – conjugate poles was thus selected. This one could be realized by using two common circuit topologies: the Sallen – Key cell and Multiple Feedback one. After a detailed comparison between these two in terms of physical reliability, frequency response, noise, stability and sensitivity, the Multiple Feedback has been selected and implemented. At this point, an algorithm for cell components tuning is introduced: this permits an optimization of the power and the area of the chip, absolutely fundamental aspects in electronic circuit design field. The analyses end with the description of the Baseline Holder, a device that is able to reduce the effect of the dark current of the sensor and of the statistical fluctuations of the baseline by properly setting the value of the DC signal, thanks to a low - frequency feedback configuration. The last chapter is finally devoted to a description of a specific case in which the shapers are currently employed in the laboratory: characterization and identification of the atomic structure of a generic crystal starting from its diffraction properties as a result of its interaction with X – rays.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2016_12_Longobucco.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/131827