In a world where the “economics” seem to be everything and all other knowledge fields are in background, where “growth” among all the economic matters seems to be the one and the only one measure of the systems health, where all the economic levers are bent or “disfigured” by the “growth”, where the “speed” change is always increasing but even the change does not produce the past growth rate, where also the time has no value (even a negative value if we translate it into interest rate or negative interest rate), where the planning, viewed as driving the economy, is not really a discussion argument as in 1970s, due to the socialism crisis and the growing rate of transformation, this paper, on the contrary, seeks to focus on a medium or long term issue: Is it an advantage to invest in developing soft skills or flexibility through specializations? How can we measure the existing gaps between actual level of knowledge and the possible one? How can we explain or simply understand these gaps not only as actual losses or future gains? Considering some important concepts studied during the second part of the last century, 1900s, and probably forgotten after the socialism crisis, the paper tries to focus on workers skills as a competitive asset versus countries which seem to have an unbridgeable cost advantage: BRICs countries didn’t evolve versus the levels reached by western economies, probably because their raw materials or worker markets are too “big” and they didn’t even approach a maturity “age”; too much offer, or a never‐ending offer made the demand unable to push salaries and worker conditions higher. Italian medium or small size companies inherited the larger companies’ knowledge in the past when these last ones, the large companies, could compete worldwide but nowadays the Italian paradigm seems to shift versus small or medium actors playing on some sectors without any historical large players. Italian players seem to find difficulties in bridging from medium to large size. In this context, the new actors have to understand and measure the advantage of investing in distinguished skills of their workers and translate this investment into competitive advantage. We will discuss how this investment was treated by literature, how we can measure the gaps that have to be filled, how these gaps can be seen as the investment we want to afford to reach a better system “status”, how this approach could be reflected in an “on field” study based on a ten-year simulation. This paper is based on the professional experience of its author: a general manager who wanted to drive the change in a typical medium Italian company. A growing company with well-known fashion customers, operating in a partner relationship with these customers, characterized by a negative attitude to change: managers, structure loved the past success tracks and Unions don’t want to modify people working rhythms. In this context the Action Research Project initially studied transformed itself in a simulation project useful to define the “efficiency – flexibility” gaps and risks to be covered: to study a “social” environment, to define the indicators useful to drive the change along a developed soft skill knowledge and a more flexible working specialization and to draw a clear future path to follow.
In un mondo dove gli argomenti economici sembrano oramai essere preponderanti e tutti gli altri campi della conoscenza sembrano essere di secondo piano, dove il termine crescita fra tutti i campi di studio economico sembra oramai essere la sola misura dello stato di salute del sistema, dove ogni altra leva economica è soggiogata al solo target della crescita, dove il cambiamento presenta una costante accelerazione ma nonostante ciò non è in grado di generare la crescita rilevata nel passato, dove anche il tempo sembra aver perso il suo valore (con addirittura un valore negativo se lo stesso è misurato dal tasso d’interesse), dove la pianificazione, vista nell’accezione di conduzione dei sistemi economici, è oramai dimentica con la crisi dei sistemi socialisti, questo studio vuole al contrario porre attenzione su argomenti di medio/lungo termine: Potrebbe essere vantaggioso investire nello sviluppo di “soft” skills e sulla flessibilità trasversale alla specializzazione? Come possiamo misurare la distanza esistente tra il livello attuale di conoscenze ed il potenziale raggiungibile? Come possiamo spiegare o semplicemente riflettere su questa differenza non vedendola solo come una perdita attuale o futuro guadagno? Partendo anche da un contesto storico che attraversa il ‘900 e che sembra in parte dimenticato, per la crisi dei sistemi socialisti, lo studio cerca di vedere lo sviluppo delle abilità dei lavoratori come vantaggio competitivo nei confronti di paesi che hanno, come nel caso dei famosi BRICs, un innegabile vantaggio di costo. Questi ultimi paesi, nonostante l’evoluzione degli ultimi anni, non hanno raggiunto le condizioni esistenti nei paesi occidentali; probabilmente un eccesso di offerta di risorse ha mantenuto basso il livello dei costi dei fattori produttivi con un costante vantaggio di prezzo. Le società Italiane, tipicamente piccole o medie, in passato ereditavano le conoscenze e la ricerca dei grandi gruppi che operavano su un’arena competitiva mondiale. Ma oggi con un paradigma di successo che vede sempre meno presente la grande azienda a scapito di più snelle ma ridotte realtà, il passaggio di conoscenze storico tra grande e piccola azienda si è interrotto. In un contesto Italiano come quello qui sopra descritto, i nuovi attori devono necessariamente misurare il vantaggio prospettico dovuto ad un investimento in conoscenze specifiche dei propri collaboratori e devono tradurre tale investimento in vantaggio competitivo sul mercato. Lo studio cerca di vedere come questo investimento è stato trattato dalla letteratura economico tecnica e come questo “gap” di conoscenze possa essere misurato e considerato in ottica prospettica. Facendo leva naturalmente sul caso di studio ICR. Ed è a quest’ultimo punto che lo studio si riporta, partendo dal caso concreto di ICR e cercando di astrarre dallo stesso elementi utili per le già citate medie aziende Italiane. In particolare il focus si attesta sulle difficoltà ambientali, interne ed esterne, di una realtà di successo restia al cambiamento dove, nel concreto, il progetto di Action Research si è dovuto trasformare in progetto di simulazione. Una simulazione su un sistema sociale in movimento dove l’interesse costantemente passa dalla misura del gap efficienza-flessibilità alla valutazione del sistema stesso e del come il sistema si adatta alle modifiche proposte. Un approccio da simulatore di volo secondo le indicazione della scuola di pensiero del MIT e storicamente nella linea di pensiero di Herbert A. Simon.
Extreme manufacturing flexibility. Organizational levers to cope with extreme planning, volume and mix flexibility requirements
FANTINO, GIORGIO
Abstract
In a world where the “economics” seem to be everything and all other knowledge fields are in background, where “growth” among all the economic matters seems to be the one and the only one measure of the systems health, where all the economic levers are bent or “disfigured” by the “growth”, where the “speed” change is always increasing but even the change does not produce the past growth rate, where also the time has no value (even a negative value if we translate it into interest rate or negative interest rate), where the planning, viewed as driving the economy, is not really a discussion argument as in 1970s, due to the socialism crisis and the growing rate of transformation, this paper, on the contrary, seeks to focus on a medium or long term issue: Is it an advantage to invest in developing soft skills or flexibility through specializations? How can we measure the existing gaps between actual level of knowledge and the possible one? How can we explain or simply understand these gaps not only as actual losses or future gains? Considering some important concepts studied during the second part of the last century, 1900s, and probably forgotten after the socialism crisis, the paper tries to focus on workers skills as a competitive asset versus countries which seem to have an unbridgeable cost advantage: BRICs countries didn’t evolve versus the levels reached by western economies, probably because their raw materials or worker markets are too “big” and they didn’t even approach a maturity “age”; too much offer, or a never‐ending offer made the demand unable to push salaries and worker conditions higher. Italian medium or small size companies inherited the larger companies’ knowledge in the past when these last ones, the large companies, could compete worldwide but nowadays the Italian paradigm seems to shift versus small or medium actors playing on some sectors without any historical large players. Italian players seem to find difficulties in bridging from medium to large size. In this context, the new actors have to understand and measure the advantage of investing in distinguished skills of their workers and translate this investment into competitive advantage. We will discuss how this investment was treated by literature, how we can measure the gaps that have to be filled, how these gaps can be seen as the investment we want to afford to reach a better system “status”, how this approach could be reflected in an “on field” study based on a ten-year simulation. This paper is based on the professional experience of its author: a general manager who wanted to drive the change in a typical medium Italian company. A growing company with well-known fashion customers, operating in a partner relationship with these customers, characterized by a negative attitude to change: managers, structure loved the past success tracks and Unions don’t want to modify people working rhythms. In this context the Action Research Project initially studied transformed itself in a simulation project useful to define the “efficiency – flexibility” gaps and risks to be covered: to study a “social” environment, to define the indicators useful to drive the change along a developed soft skill knowledge and a more flexible working specialization and to draw a clear future path to follow.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/132064