A Multi-analytical protocol of investigation for the understanding of optical properties of historical semiconductor pigments was estabilished. The analysis protocol included elemental and morphological microscopy techniques such as high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX), spectrally- and lifetime- resolved photoluminescence (PL) techniques, and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two different type of materials were investigated, both belonging to the class of modern semiconductor pigments. Lithopone white pigment consists of a coprecipitation of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate (ZnS + BaSO4). ZnS was obtained by chemical process of its primary ore Sphalerite. In Sphalerite, fluorescence usually occurs when specific impurities are present within the mineral. Under the hypothesis that historical lithopones were produced using non perfect synthesis processes, it can be considered that these impurities were not completely eliminated during the manufacturing of the pigment, acting therefore as luminescent inclusions. Multispectral imaging of the PL emission from microsamples revealed the presence of different luminescence centres emitting in the visible spectrum, which we have hypothesized as metal impurities unintentionally introduced into the ZnS crystal lattice during synthesis, which act as deep traps for electrons. The microsecond dynamics of the emission confirmed the trap-state nature of the luminescence centres, reinforcing the hypothesis that luminescence in historical lithopone is due to metal ions impurities embedded into the crystal lattice. EPR confirmed the presence of Cu2+ and Mn2+ into ZnS matrix which could not be detected by common elemental analysis such as bulk X-ray fluorescence. A similar protocol of investigation was applied to the study of a set of seven historical cadmium yellow pigments. Cadmium yellows are modern yellow colors composed of cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium-zinc sulfide (Cd1−xZnxS). A gradual fading of cadmium yellow from exposure to light and atmospheric agents has been observed on several painting; chemical degradation paths of cadmium colors have been therefore widely studied in the past years. Nevertheless, few studies related with optical properties of historical cadmium pigments. The samples under investigation showed an unexpected heterogeneity of the PL emission when observed under the microscope. Different hypotheses were proposed for the explanation of the observed results. In future, the complex composition of historical cadmium pigments should be taken into account for the understanding of their degradation paths. The multi-analytical approach presented in this thesis for the study of optical properties of semiconductor pigments encourages further exploration of the same protocol for the study of the intrinsic heterogeneity of other painting materials.
In questa tesi descrivo un metodo di indagine per lo studio delle proprietà ottiche di pigmenti inorganici moderni. Il metodo descritto include analisi elementali e morfologiche quali microscopia elettronica a scansione ad alta risoluzione (FESEM), spettroscopia EDX, imaging di fotoluminescenza, fotoluminescenza risolta in tempo, e risonanza paramagnetica elettronica (EPR). Tale protocollo è stato applicato allo studio di campioni storici di pigmenti moderni di due diversi tipi. Il litopone è un pigmento, di colore bianco, costituito da un coprecipitato di solfuro di zinco e solfato di bario (ZnS+BaSO4). Le proprietà ottiche del litopone dipendono da quelle del suo principale costituente, il solfuro di zinco, un materiale semiconduttore ottenuto dalla lavorazione del minerale Sfalerite. La Sfalerite si presenta sovente come materiale fluorescente, a causa della presenza di piccolissime quantità di impurezze metalliche drogande. Campioni storici di litopone fluorescente sono stati analizzati seguendo il metodo sopra descritto. Dopo aver implementato un dispositivo per imaging multispettrale di fluorescenza su scala microscopica, ho osservato la presenza di inclusioni luminescenti a diverse lunghezze d’onda in tutti i campioni storici analizzati. Mediante imaging di fotoluminescenza risolta in tempo ho caratterizzato la cinetica di tali inclusioni, confermandone la natura di stato trappola. La spettroscopia EPR, infine, ha permesso di identificare tali centri emettitori come inclusioni di Cu2+ e Mn2+ nella matrice di ZnS. Per lo studio di campioni storici di giallo di cadmio (CdS e Cd1−xZnxS) è stato applicato un metodo di indagine simile, basato sull’osservazione delle proprietà di fluorescenza dei campioni a livello microscopico. I pigmenti storici analizzati hanno mostrato anch’essi una notevole eterogeneità dell’emissione di fotoluminescenza, caratterizzata dalla presenza di centri luminescenti catalogabili come stati trappola, con caratteristiche variabili al variare della fluenza di eccitazione. Non è stato possibile identificare univocamente la natura chimica di tali centri emittenti, viene perciò discussa in dettaglio la possibile presenza di difetti complessi non rilevabili mediante EPR, e il loro eventuale ruolo nei processi di degrado del giallo di cadmio.
Multi-analytical approach for the study of modern semiconductor pigments
BELLEI, SARA
Abstract
A Multi-analytical protocol of investigation for the understanding of optical properties of historical semiconductor pigments was estabilished. The analysis protocol included elemental and morphological microscopy techniques such as high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX), spectrally- and lifetime- resolved photoluminescence (PL) techniques, and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two different type of materials were investigated, both belonging to the class of modern semiconductor pigments. Lithopone white pigment consists of a coprecipitation of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate (ZnS + BaSO4). ZnS was obtained by chemical process of its primary ore Sphalerite. In Sphalerite, fluorescence usually occurs when specific impurities are present within the mineral. Under the hypothesis that historical lithopones were produced using non perfect synthesis processes, it can be considered that these impurities were not completely eliminated during the manufacturing of the pigment, acting therefore as luminescent inclusions. Multispectral imaging of the PL emission from microsamples revealed the presence of different luminescence centres emitting in the visible spectrum, which we have hypothesized as metal impurities unintentionally introduced into the ZnS crystal lattice during synthesis, which act as deep traps for electrons. The microsecond dynamics of the emission confirmed the trap-state nature of the luminescence centres, reinforcing the hypothesis that luminescence in historical lithopone is due to metal ions impurities embedded into the crystal lattice. EPR confirmed the presence of Cu2+ and Mn2+ into ZnS matrix which could not be detected by common elemental analysis such as bulk X-ray fluorescence. A similar protocol of investigation was applied to the study of a set of seven historical cadmium yellow pigments. Cadmium yellows are modern yellow colors composed of cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium-zinc sulfide (Cd1−xZnxS). A gradual fading of cadmium yellow from exposure to light and atmospheric agents has been observed on several painting; chemical degradation paths of cadmium colors have been therefore widely studied in the past years. Nevertheless, few studies related with optical properties of historical cadmium pigments. The samples under investigation showed an unexpected heterogeneity of the PL emission when observed under the microscope. Different hypotheses were proposed for the explanation of the observed results. In future, the complex composition of historical cadmium pigments should be taken into account for the understanding of their degradation paths. The multi-analytical approach presented in this thesis for the study of optical properties of semiconductor pigments encourages further exploration of the same protocol for the study of the intrinsic heterogeneity of other painting materials.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/132066