The thesis studies the breaking up of the global value chain and the dynamics over time in the offshoring of business services. Companies increasingly relocate from advanced to emerging economies not only production activities, but also business services. Indeed, in the last 15 years, the offshoring of business services has shown an impressive growth; not only simple tasks, but also high-value added activities –such as R&D, engineering and product design– have been increasingly relocated. Furthermore, in the last few years, a new and opposite phenomenon compared with offshoring has been emerging; companies have been bringing back to the headquarters’ location some business functions. Therefore, this thesis investigates the dynamics following the strategic decision to offshore business activities abroad. The work is a collection of seven papers, with the first chapter being the introductory cover essay summarizing the main findings (i.e. chapter 1). The thesis is then structured in three main parts with each chapter analysing in-depth the research issues. Chapters 2 and 3 provide a general statistical overview of the offshoring and reshoring of business services. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the persistency and the evolution over time of the mode of entry (i.e. the change from one contractual form to another). Chapters 6 and 7 specifically study the dynamics regarding the location adopted by offshoring companies (i.e. the emerging phenomenon of the reshoring of business services). It is worth noting that the thesis is paper-based, therefore each chapter addresses an autonomous topic and it follows its own publication strategy. Moreover, each paper adopts a specific theoretical framework; the theories adopted span from the offshoring literature to the international business theory and from the evolutionary economics to the real option framework. The database adopted in this research is mainly the one provided by the Offshoring Research Network (ORN) that allows a throughout investigation of the phenomenon of offshoring of business services. In some chapters, the ORN database has been integrated also with other datasets. The next few lines provide a general overview of each paper. The second chapter describes the offshoring of business services using some descriptive statistics and it shows how high value-added business services are increasingly offshored. For these activities, companies prefer captive rather than outsourcing entry modes, probably in order to guarantee adequate protection of knowledge. Moreover, data show that European companies show a slight preference for wholly owned solutions, while US and Canadian companies are more likely to adopt outsourcing solutions. India is the main recipient of offshoring initiatives, probably because it offers not only low cost skilled labour, but also qualified service providers. The main drivers of the offshoring of business services are the need to attain cost-savings and to access to qualified personnel. In this context, wholly owned entry mode seems to be more performing than outsourcing in achieving both savings and high quality standards. The third chapter sheds light on the re-shoring of business functions. Indeed, policy makers and scholars are increasingly interested in the relocation of once offshored activities; however, the empirical evidence is mostly focussed on manufacturing activities, while very little is known about business functions that assist manufacturing activities. Therefore, this chapter provides some empirical evidence regarding the plans to re-shore administrative and technical work. In particular, the chapter analyses the entry-mode, the home and the host country context, the business functions, the industries, the size and the performance of once offshored activities that are planned to be re-shored. Despite the abundance of studies on offshoring and entry mode choices, it is still not clear whether relying on former entry-specific experience allows enhancing the outcome of the offshoring venture. Thus, the fourth chapter, while confirming that several companies adopt the same entry mode of the past, finds that the repetition of previous entry modes increases the focal initiative performance, but only when the company internalizes previous outcomes. Conversely, the inertial repetition of routines associated to previous entries does not lead to an increase of the outcome. Although empirical evidence shows that offshoring companies tend to be persistent in their entry mode choices (as stated above), the current global scenario is demanding greater strategic flexibility to companies. In this context, real options are studied as a feasible solution to attain the required flexibility and to switch from one entry mode to another over time. By use of a risk tolerance simulation model in the context of an international joint venture, the fifth chapter demonstrates how a real option exchange appears as a win-win strategy for two business parties with asymmetrical risk profiles. The chapter exemplifies and discusses also the reciprocal use of Real Options in the context of other types of interfirm collaboration such as franchising and outsourcing. Offshoring companies attain flexibility relying not only on contractual clauses, but also on the possibility to relocate their activities over time. Indeed, companies are increasingly re-shoring their activities. The sixth chapter provides a picture of what we know regarding the companies returning from offshore and what are the main open research issues in the field. The seventh chapter finds that the reshoring of business services is the result both of company response to performance shortcomings of the initiative offshored and of the persistence with original offshoring strategy (disintegration advantages, accessing new markets and cost-saving). Further understanding of the offshoring phenomenon provides meaningful insights not only for research, but also for managers and policy makers, challenged by the threats and opportunities of global markets. Thus, each chapter of the thesis provide throughout investigation and detailed answers to the relevant research issues.
La tesi studia la frammentazione della catena globale del valore e le dinamiche dell’offshoring dei servizi alle imprese. Sempre più spesso le aziende trasferiscono dalle economie avanzate a quelle emergenti non solo le attività produttive, ma anche servizi. Infatti, negli ultimi 15 anni, l'offshoring dei servizi alle imprese ha mostrato una crescita impressionante; si è assistito ad una crescete delocalizzazione di attività non solo semplici ma anche ad alto valore aggiunto (Ricerca e Sviluppo, servizi ingegneristici e di progettazione dei prodotti). Inoltre, negli ultimi anni, è emerso un nuovo e opposto fenomeno all'offshoring: le aziende hanno rimpatriato alcune funzioni aziendali. Questa tesi indaga pertanto le dinamiche conseguenti la decisione strategica di delocalizzare attività aziendali all'estero. La tesi si compone di sette paper e il primo capitolo è un saggio introduttivo che riassume i principali risultati (Capitolo 1). La tesi è strutturata in tre parti principali, approfondendo in ogni capitolo i principali temi di ricerca. I Capitoli 2 e 3 forniscono una panoramica statistica generale dei fenomeni di offshoring e reshoring di servizi alle imprese. I Capitoli 4 e 5 trattano della persistenza e dell'evoluzione nel tempo della modalità d’entrata nei paesi esteri. I Capitoli 6 e 7 analizzano le dinamiche riguardanti la scelta localizzativa adottata da aziende offshore (ovvero, il fenomeno emergente del reshoring dei servizi). La tesi è una collezione di paper, quindi ogni capitolo affronta un argomento autonomo e segue la propria strategia di pubblicazione. Inoltre, ogni paper adotta un quadro teorico specifico; le teorie adottate spaziano dalla letteratura sull’offshoring alle teorie di international business e dall’evolutionary economics alla real option theory. Il database utilizzato in questa ricerca è principalmente quello fornito dalla Offshoring Research Network (ORN), che permette un’indagine completa sul fenomeno della delocalizzazione dei servizi alle imprese. Al fine di includere alcuni fattori correlati con il ruolo di risultati macroeconomici, cultura e istituzioni dei paesi d'origine e ospitanti, il dataset è stato integrato con alcuni dati pubblici. Le prossime righe forniscono una panoramica generale di ogni paper. Il secondo capitolo descrive il fenomeno dell’offshoring di servizi utilizzando alcune statistiche descrittive e mostra come servizi di business ad alto valore aggiunto sono sempre più delocalizzati. Per queste attività, le aziende preferiscono modalità d’entrata interamente di proprietà e non tramite fornitori esterni, probabilmente al fine di garantire un'adeguata protezione del know-how. I dati rivelano, inoltre, che le imprese europee mostrano una leggera preferenza per soluzioni in-house mentre Stati Uniti e aziende canadesi sono più propensi ad adottare soluzioni in outsourcing. L'India è il principale destinatario delle iniziative offshoring, probabilmente perché non solo offre manodopera qualificata a basso costo, ma anche fornitori di servizi qualificati. I principali driver dell’offshoring dei servizi alle imprese sono la necessità di risparmiare e l'accesso a personale qualificato. In questo contesto, le modalità d’entrata interamente di proprietà sembrano essere più performanti rispetto alle gestioni in outsourcing nel raggiungimento degli obiettivi di elevati standard di qualità e di risparmio. Il terzo capitolo illustra il fenomeno del reshoring di funzioni aziendali. I policy makers e gli studiosi sono sempre più interessati alla rilocalizzazione di attività in precedenza delocalizzate; tuttavia, l'evidenza empirica è in gran parte basata su attività produttive, mentre molto poco si conosce circa le altre funzioni aziendali. Pertanto, questo capitolo fornisce alcune evidenze empiriche relative ai piani di re-shoring di attività amministrative e tecniche. In particolare, il capitolo analizza le modalità d’entrata, il contesto del paese d’origine e del paese ospitante, le funzioni aziendali, i settori industriali, le dimensioni e la performance delle attività precedentemente delocalizzate per le quali si prevede un rientro. Nonostante la grande quantità di studi sull’offshoring e sulla scelta delle modalità di inserimento, non è ancora chiaro se basarsi su precedenti esperienze d’entrata permetta di aumentare le probabilità di successo di una strategia di offshoring. Pertanto, il quarto capitolo, confermando che diverse aziende adottano la stessa modalità di ingresso del passato, rileva che questa strategia aumenta la performance dell’iniziativa di offshoring, ma solo quando l'azienda è in grado di fare un’accurata valutazione e interiorizzare i risultati precedenti. Viceversa, la ripetizione inerziale di precedenti modalità di inserimento non comporta maggiore successo. Anche se l'evidenza empirica mostra che le aziende con attività offshore tendono ad essere persistenti nelle loro scelte modalità d’ingresso nei paesi esteri, l'attuale scenario globale richiede una maggiore flessibilità strategica per le aziende. In tale contesto, le real options sono analizzate come una soluzione praticabile per raggiungere la flessibilità richiesta e per passare nel tempo da una modalità di ingresso all'altra. Con l'utilizzo di un modello di simulazione di propensione al rischio in una joint venture internazionale, il quinto capitolo dimostra come un vero e proprio scambio di real option possa rivelarsi una strategia win-win per controparti contrattuali aventi profili di rischio asimmetrici. Il capitolo esemplifica e discute anche l'uso reciproco delle real options in altri tipi di collaborazione interaziendale, quali franchising e outsourcing. Le aziende offshore ottengono flessibilità basandosi non solo sulle clausole contrattuali, ma anche sulla possibilità di trasferire la loro attività nel tempo. Infatti, le aziende stanno sempre più rilocalizzando le loro attività. Il sesto capitolo fornisce un quadro di ciò che è noto riguardo le imprese di ritorno dall’offshoring. Il settimo capitolo mira a comprendere se vantaggi di disintegrazione, esternalizzazione e localizzazione, insieme ad alcune considerazioni successive all’implementazione dell’investimento, portano a considerare il reshoring di servizi aziendali. Una maggiore comprensione del fenomeno di delocalizzazione fornisce spunti significativi non solo per la ricerca accademica, ma anche per manager e policy makers. Pertanto, ogni capitolo della tesi fornisce un’indagine completa e risposte dettagliate ai temi di ricerca illustrati.
Breaking up the global value chain: dynamics and performance
ALBERTONI, FILIPPO
Abstract
The thesis studies the breaking up of the global value chain and the dynamics over time in the offshoring of business services. Companies increasingly relocate from advanced to emerging economies not only production activities, but also business services. Indeed, in the last 15 years, the offshoring of business services has shown an impressive growth; not only simple tasks, but also high-value added activities –such as R&D, engineering and product design– have been increasingly relocated. Furthermore, in the last few years, a new and opposite phenomenon compared with offshoring has been emerging; companies have been bringing back to the headquarters’ location some business functions. Therefore, this thesis investigates the dynamics following the strategic decision to offshore business activities abroad. The work is a collection of seven papers, with the first chapter being the introductory cover essay summarizing the main findings (i.e. chapter 1). The thesis is then structured in three main parts with each chapter analysing in-depth the research issues. Chapters 2 and 3 provide a general statistical overview of the offshoring and reshoring of business services. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the persistency and the evolution over time of the mode of entry (i.e. the change from one contractual form to another). Chapters 6 and 7 specifically study the dynamics regarding the location adopted by offshoring companies (i.e. the emerging phenomenon of the reshoring of business services). It is worth noting that the thesis is paper-based, therefore each chapter addresses an autonomous topic and it follows its own publication strategy. Moreover, each paper adopts a specific theoretical framework; the theories adopted span from the offshoring literature to the international business theory and from the evolutionary economics to the real option framework. The database adopted in this research is mainly the one provided by the Offshoring Research Network (ORN) that allows a throughout investigation of the phenomenon of offshoring of business services. In some chapters, the ORN database has been integrated also with other datasets. The next few lines provide a general overview of each paper. The second chapter describes the offshoring of business services using some descriptive statistics and it shows how high value-added business services are increasingly offshored. For these activities, companies prefer captive rather than outsourcing entry modes, probably in order to guarantee adequate protection of knowledge. Moreover, data show that European companies show a slight preference for wholly owned solutions, while US and Canadian companies are more likely to adopt outsourcing solutions. India is the main recipient of offshoring initiatives, probably because it offers not only low cost skilled labour, but also qualified service providers. The main drivers of the offshoring of business services are the need to attain cost-savings and to access to qualified personnel. In this context, wholly owned entry mode seems to be more performing than outsourcing in achieving both savings and high quality standards. The third chapter sheds light on the re-shoring of business functions. Indeed, policy makers and scholars are increasingly interested in the relocation of once offshored activities; however, the empirical evidence is mostly focussed on manufacturing activities, while very little is known about business functions that assist manufacturing activities. Therefore, this chapter provides some empirical evidence regarding the plans to re-shore administrative and technical work. In particular, the chapter analyses the entry-mode, the home and the host country context, the business functions, the industries, the size and the performance of once offshored activities that are planned to be re-shored. Despite the abundance of studies on offshoring and entry mode choices, it is still not clear whether relying on former entry-specific experience allows enhancing the outcome of the offshoring venture. Thus, the fourth chapter, while confirming that several companies adopt the same entry mode of the past, finds that the repetition of previous entry modes increases the focal initiative performance, but only when the company internalizes previous outcomes. Conversely, the inertial repetition of routines associated to previous entries does not lead to an increase of the outcome. Although empirical evidence shows that offshoring companies tend to be persistent in their entry mode choices (as stated above), the current global scenario is demanding greater strategic flexibility to companies. In this context, real options are studied as a feasible solution to attain the required flexibility and to switch from one entry mode to another over time. By use of a risk tolerance simulation model in the context of an international joint venture, the fifth chapter demonstrates how a real option exchange appears as a win-win strategy for two business parties with asymmetrical risk profiles. The chapter exemplifies and discusses also the reciprocal use of Real Options in the context of other types of interfirm collaboration such as franchising and outsourcing. Offshoring companies attain flexibility relying not only on contractual clauses, but also on the possibility to relocate their activities over time. Indeed, companies are increasingly re-shoring their activities. The sixth chapter provides a picture of what we know regarding the companies returning from offshore and what are the main open research issues in the field. The seventh chapter finds that the reshoring of business services is the result both of company response to performance shortcomings of the initiative offshored and of the persistence with original offshoring strategy (disintegration advantages, accessing new markets and cost-saving). Further understanding of the offshoring phenomenon provides meaningful insights not only for research, but also for managers and policy makers, challenged by the threats and opportunities of global markets. Thus, each chapter of the thesis provide throughout investigation and detailed answers to the relevant research issues.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/132076