The realization of a society in which sustainable development is possible with less environmental impact; prioritization of handling products, wastes and recyclables; and ensuring appropriate material cycle in nature are the targets claimed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in order to move towards a zero waste society. Moreover, by 2050 the urban populations in Sub-Saharan megacities, and in particular the urban populations living in slums and very poor conditions are likely to increase rapidly and exponentially, therefore producing a huge amount of domestic wastes. If zero waste sounds a long term target for developing countries, building a sound material-cycle society through the effective use of resources and materials should be achieved in short and medium terms, in order to prevent the destruction of the environment and to promote sustainable production and consumption. The urban metabolism of a city is a more specific form of the material and energy flow framework and indicates what the outputs of an improper use of resources and an over-consumption of goods are overall. Going more in depth, the life cycle of material has to be assessed in order to avoid an improper disposal and an uncontrolled dumping of waste that can contaminate groundwater and soil, attract disease-carrying animals and insects, and even cause fires, besides irreversibly affecting human health. This uncontrolled dumping is producing greenhouse gases and toxic emissions, which are likely to be one of the main causes of global warming, with local extreme micro-climatic conditions. In addition, the lack of adequate waste collection and disposal systems in developing countries aggravates poverty and leads to negative consequences such as loss of income due to illness, and therefore increases in spending (World Bank, 2001). The first step towards a more sustainable urban environment should concern the awareness and sensitization of the population, with a focus on low-income and low-educated groups. Secondly, the waste management system should be re-thought both at municipal and local scale, in order to provide a sound collection service that addresses the waste segregation at its source, the minimization of disposed garbage, the preservation of open and natural spaces through prevention of waste disposal in streets and rivers, as well as end disposal in landfills, the improvement of precarious social and hygienic conditions of the residential neighborhoods bordering the municipal landfills, the acceptability of living and working conditions of garbage pickers and workers employed in the collection system. The waste pickers mostly belong to low-skilled workers and Community Based Organizations, which implies problems related to the informality of their activities and the lack of rights and safe working places. The field survey conducted mostly identifies three typologies of collected waste: organic wastes, mainly food remains and vegetables, which are locally reused as composting and fertilizers in rural areas and countryside, human wastes that are collected in bio-digesters in order to produce biogas, and plastic wastes which are partially collected in a segregated way and roughly shredded. Giving a new life to the waste, through a recycling system, aims at improving health in urban environment and in slums, at mitigating poverty and eradicating extreme poverty, and enhancing social needs.
Dare vita ad una società caratterizzata da uno sviluppo sostenibile e con minimi impatti sull’ambiente, priorità alla gestione di prodotti, rifiuti e materiali riciclabili e assicurare un appropriato ciclo vitale dei materiali identificano gli obiettivi dichiarati dal Programma Ambientale delle Nazioni Unite (UNEP) verso una società a rifiuto zero. Non solo, entro il 2050 si stima un rapido ed esponenziale aumento della popolazione urbana nelle mega-città della regione Sub-Sahariana e in particolare di quella fascia di popolazione che vive nelle baraccopoli in condizioni di estrema povertà, tradotto in un significante aumento di rifiuti domestici. Mentre il rifiuto zero appare ancora un obiettivo a lungo termine per i paesi in via di sviluppo, la realizzazione di società basata su un efficace ciclo di prodotti, attraverso l’uso effettivo di risorse e materiali, dovrebbe rientrare nelle strategie a breve e medio termine, con lo scopo di prevenire le minacce ambientali e promuovere una produzione e un consumo sostenibili. Il metabolismo urbano di una città indica un complesso sistema di flussi di materiali ed energia e, in un panorama più generale, gli output dovuti a un utilizzo inappropriato delle risorse e a un eccessivo consumo dei beni. Nello specifico, è necessario valutare opportunamente il ciclo di vita dei materiali, al fine di evitare problematiche relative a uno scorretto smaltimento dei rifiuti e alla discarica abusiva, possibili cause di inquinamento delle acque e del suolo, di attrazione per animali e insetti portatori di malattie, di incendio, in aggiunta alle conseguenze dannose per l’essere umano. Le discariche abusive inoltre sono responsabili dell’emissione di gas serra ed esalazioni nocive, principali cause del riscaldamento globale, con incidenza sui microclimi locali. Infine, nei paesi non industrializzati, la totale mancanza di adeguati sistemi di raccolta e smaltimento dei rifiuti comporta un peggioramento delle già precarie condizioni di povertà e correlati impatti negativi, quali la riduzione delle entrate domestiche, a causa di prolungati periodi di malattia, connessa ad un aumento delle spese (Banca Mondiale, 2001). Il primo passo verso uno sviluppo sostenibile riguarda la sensibilizzazione della popolazione e, in particolare, di quei gruppi disagiati e con un livello di educazione inferiore. In secondo luogo, il sistema di gestione dei rifiuti dovrebbe essere ripensato sia a scala locale che municipale, per dare luogo ad un servizio di raccolta organizzata e segregata alla fonte, ad una consistente riduzione della quantità di rifiuti da smaltire, alla salvaguardia degli habitat naturali e degli spazi aperti, attraverso l’eliminazione delle discariche abusive lungo strade e corsi d’acqua e delle discariche indifferenziate, al miglioramento delle precarie condizioni sociali e igienico-sanitarie di coloro che abitano i quartieri limitrofi alle discariche municipali, all’adeguatezza delle condizioni di vita e lavorative degli operatori urbani e dei lavoratori coinvolti nella raccolta dei rifiuti. I lavoratori per la maggior parte appartengono a gruppi disorganizzati, senza specifiche abilità tecniche e alle Organizzazioni Comunitarie, implicando problematiche relative all’assenza di attività formali e alla completa mancanza di diritti e condizioni di lavoro quantomeno accettabili. Attraverso la ricerca sul campo sono state riscontrate tre tipologie di rifiuti: l’organico, principalmente alimenti e vegetali, che talvolta viene impiegato come compostaggio e fertilizzante naturale nelle aree rurali, i rifiuti umani, che vengono raccolti all’interno di bio-digestori con lo scopo di produrre biogas, e la plastica che allo stato di fatto viene parzialmente collezionata e segregata. Un sistema di riciclaggio dei rifiuti, oltre a dare una nuova vita ai materiali stessi, comporta impatti positivi sulla salute umana nelle aree urbane e nei quartieri informali, una riduzione del livello di povertà, l’eradicazione delle condizioni estreme e un miglioramento dei bisogni sociali.
Reducing the urban metabolism of informal settlements. Implementing a community-based waste management in Kibera, Nairobi
MAIONE, CAROL
2015/2016
Abstract
The realization of a society in which sustainable development is possible with less environmental impact; prioritization of handling products, wastes and recyclables; and ensuring appropriate material cycle in nature are the targets claimed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in order to move towards a zero waste society. Moreover, by 2050 the urban populations in Sub-Saharan megacities, and in particular the urban populations living in slums and very poor conditions are likely to increase rapidly and exponentially, therefore producing a huge amount of domestic wastes. If zero waste sounds a long term target for developing countries, building a sound material-cycle society through the effective use of resources and materials should be achieved in short and medium terms, in order to prevent the destruction of the environment and to promote sustainable production and consumption. The urban metabolism of a city is a more specific form of the material and energy flow framework and indicates what the outputs of an improper use of resources and an over-consumption of goods are overall. Going more in depth, the life cycle of material has to be assessed in order to avoid an improper disposal and an uncontrolled dumping of waste that can contaminate groundwater and soil, attract disease-carrying animals and insects, and even cause fires, besides irreversibly affecting human health. This uncontrolled dumping is producing greenhouse gases and toxic emissions, which are likely to be one of the main causes of global warming, with local extreme micro-climatic conditions. In addition, the lack of adequate waste collection and disposal systems in developing countries aggravates poverty and leads to negative consequences such as loss of income due to illness, and therefore increases in spending (World Bank, 2001). The first step towards a more sustainable urban environment should concern the awareness and sensitization of the population, with a focus on low-income and low-educated groups. Secondly, the waste management system should be re-thought both at municipal and local scale, in order to provide a sound collection service that addresses the waste segregation at its source, the minimization of disposed garbage, the preservation of open and natural spaces through prevention of waste disposal in streets and rivers, as well as end disposal in landfills, the improvement of precarious social and hygienic conditions of the residential neighborhoods bordering the municipal landfills, the acceptability of living and working conditions of garbage pickers and workers employed in the collection system. The waste pickers mostly belong to low-skilled workers and Community Based Organizations, which implies problems related to the informality of their activities and the lack of rights and safe working places. The field survey conducted mostly identifies three typologies of collected waste: organic wastes, mainly food remains and vegetables, which are locally reused as composting and fertilizers in rural areas and countryside, human wastes that are collected in bio-digesters in order to produce biogas, and plastic wastes which are partially collected in a segregated way and roughly shredded. Giving a new life to the waste, through a recycling system, aims at improving health in urban environment and in slums, at mitigating poverty and eradicating extreme poverty, and enhancing social needs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/132177