Semiconductor based pigments were introduced in the first half of the 19th century and are one of the pillars upon which modern painting is based. In fact, they revolutionized the colour palette by offering new or enhanced versions of existing pigments, available in portable mediums as tin paint tubes. This allowed the emergence and development of innovative ideas and techniques, such as en-plein air painting. Therefore, many important artists in the period between the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, including Monet, Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Picasso and Matisse, employed these pigments in their works. It is interesting to study this kind of pigments from a material point of view, since degradation and fading processes have been noticed in some cases and require a better understanding. A possible method to characterize semiconductor based pigments is to employ time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL). Photoluminescence (PL) from semiconductors is characterized by the band-to-band recombination emission, but features also the presence of localized emitting centres. These centres are usually related to either intrinsic or extrinsic defects of the crystal lattice. With respect to the band gap emission, this signal is situated in a less energetic spectral window and its decay kinetic is based on longer lifetimes. Coupling TRPL with a microscopy approach, it is possible to examine pigments particles and paintings microsamples, achieving a micrometric spatial resolution and gaining a deeper insight on the material composition. This thesis work moves in this context and its goal is the design and development of a time-gated photoluminescence microscope, capable of detecting and characterizing the two PL emissions in painting layers and identifying luminescent centres. The instrument is based on a microscope in epifluorescence configuration, coupled with a pulsed laser source and an intensified time-gated camera, realizing a FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging) set-up capable of performing time-gated measurements. One of the main problematics encountered in the realization of a similar instrument is the low intensity of the PL emission occurring from trap state levels in semiconductor pigments, therefore requiring the design of an effective excitation and detection scheme. The problem is furtherly hampered by the presence of a background PL emission, originating from standard refractive objective glasses (due to impurities and doped layers). To solve this issue, in this work we have chosen a reflective objective. This required the study and design of a specific optical system to correctly fulfil the objective pupil and achieve a uniform illumination of the sample. Focusing on the thesis work structure, chapter 1 is dedicated to a theoretical description of luminescence from semiconductors and an introduction to time-gated systems. Chapter 2 presents the general layout of an optical microscope, concentrating on the role played by an objective. Chapter 3 shows the steps behind the design of the optical system and the effective realization of the complete instrument, with the related characterization. Chapter 4 illustrates the results of a practical application, the examination of two historical samples.
I pigmenti basati su semiconduttori furono introdotti nella prima metà del XIX secolo e sono uno dei pilastri su cui la pittura moderna si è sviluppata. Infatti, essi rivoluzionarono la tavolozza dei colori offrendo versioni nuove o migliorate dei pigmenti già esistenti, che furono disponibili in contenitori portatili come tubetti di latta. Questo permise la nascita e lo sviluppo di idee e tecniche pittoriche innovative, come la pittura en-plein air. Di conseguenza, molti importanti artisti del periodo compreso fra la seconda metà del XIX e l’inizio del XX secolo, fra cui Monet, Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Picasso and Matisse, li utilizzarono estensivamente nei loro lavori. È interessante studiare questo tipo di pigmenti dal punto di vista dei materiali componenti, in quanto fenomeni di degradazione e fading sono stati evidenziati in alcuni casi, richiedendo perciò un approfondimento. Un possibile metodo di caratterizzazione si basa sulla fotoluminescenza risolta in tempo (TRPL). La fotoluminescenza (PL) da semiconduttori è caratterizzata dall’emissione da ricombinazione fra bande, ma è possibile individuare anche la presenza di centri luminescenti localizzati. Questi centri sono solitamente legati a difetti intrinseci o estrinseci del reticolo cristallino. Rispetto all’emissione da band gap, questo tipo di emissione è situato in una finestra spettrale meno energetica e la sua cinetica di decadimento è basata su tempi di vita più lunghi. Accoppiando la TRPL con un microscopio, è possibile esaminare pigmenti e micro-campioni da dipinti, raggiungendo una risoluzione spaziale micrometrica e ottenendo un’idea più chiara sulla composizione dei materiali. Questo lavoro di tesi si muove in tale contesto e ha l’obiettivo di progettare e sviluppare un microscopio per analisi di fotoluminescenza risolte in tempo, capace di raccogliere e caratterizzare le due emissioni di fotoluminescenza in strati pittorici e identificare centri luminescenti. Lo strumento è basato su un microscopio in configurazione di epi-fluorescenza, accoppiato con una sorgente laser impulsata e un intensificatore di immagini a finestra temporale, realizzando un schema di tipo FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging) capace di effettuare misure risolte in tempo. Uno delle principali problematiche incontrate nella realizzazione di tale strumento è la bassa intensità dell’emissione di fotoluminescenza da stati trappola nei pigmenti a semiconduttore, fatto che richiede uno schema di eccitazione e raccolta su misura. Il problema è ulteriormente aggravato dalla presenza di un’emissione di fotoluminescenza di fondo, proveniente dalle lenti di obiettivi rifrattivi standard a causa di impurezze e strati drogati. Per risolvere tali problemi, nel lavoro è stato impiegato un obiettivo riflettente. Ciò ha richiesto lo studio e sviluppo di un sistema ottico specifico per riempire correttamente la pupilla dell’obiettivo e ottenere un’illuminazione uniforme sul campione. Per quanto riguarda la struttura del lavoro di tesi, il capitolo 1 è dedicato a una descrizione della luminescenza da semiconduttori da un punto di vista teorico e a una introduzione ai sistemi risolti in tempo. Il capitolo 2 presenta lo schema generale di un microscopio ottico, concentrandosi sul ruolo dell’obiettivo. Il capitolo 3 mostra il procedimento dietro la progettazione del sistema ottico e la effettiva realizzazione e caratterizzazione dello strumento completo. Il capitolo 4 infine illustra i risultati provenienti da un’applicazione pratica, l’analisi di due campioni storici.
Design and development of a time-gated photoluminescence microscope for semiconductor based pigments analysis
PALMIERI, STEFANO
2015/2016
Abstract
Semiconductor based pigments were introduced in the first half of the 19th century and are one of the pillars upon which modern painting is based. In fact, they revolutionized the colour palette by offering new or enhanced versions of existing pigments, available in portable mediums as tin paint tubes. This allowed the emergence and development of innovative ideas and techniques, such as en-plein air painting. Therefore, many important artists in the period between the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, including Monet, Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Picasso and Matisse, employed these pigments in their works. It is interesting to study this kind of pigments from a material point of view, since degradation and fading processes have been noticed in some cases and require a better understanding. A possible method to characterize semiconductor based pigments is to employ time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL). Photoluminescence (PL) from semiconductors is characterized by the band-to-band recombination emission, but features also the presence of localized emitting centres. These centres are usually related to either intrinsic or extrinsic defects of the crystal lattice. With respect to the band gap emission, this signal is situated in a less energetic spectral window and its decay kinetic is based on longer lifetimes. Coupling TRPL with a microscopy approach, it is possible to examine pigments particles and paintings microsamples, achieving a micrometric spatial resolution and gaining a deeper insight on the material composition. This thesis work moves in this context and its goal is the design and development of a time-gated photoluminescence microscope, capable of detecting and characterizing the two PL emissions in painting layers and identifying luminescent centres. The instrument is based on a microscope in epifluorescence configuration, coupled with a pulsed laser source and an intensified time-gated camera, realizing a FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging) set-up capable of performing time-gated measurements. One of the main problematics encountered in the realization of a similar instrument is the low intensity of the PL emission occurring from trap state levels in semiconductor pigments, therefore requiring the design of an effective excitation and detection scheme. The problem is furtherly hampered by the presence of a background PL emission, originating from standard refractive objective glasses (due to impurities and doped layers). To solve this issue, in this work we have chosen a reflective objective. This required the study and design of a specific optical system to correctly fulfil the objective pupil and achieve a uniform illumination of the sample. Focusing on the thesis work structure, chapter 1 is dedicated to a theoretical description of luminescence from semiconductors and an introduction to time-gated systems. Chapter 2 presents the general layout of an optical microscope, concentrating on the role played by an objective. Chapter 3 shows the steps behind the design of the optical system and the effective realization of the complete instrument, with the related characterization. Chapter 4 illustrates the results of a practical application, the examination of two historical samples.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
2017_04_Palmieri.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Thesis text
Dimensione
6.14 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
6.14 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133049