Pregnancy is a paraphysiological condition which causes a lot of changes in women, modifying both morphology and functionality of all the apparatus, systems and organs of their body. In the present work, we are particularly interested in studying the pregnancy induced-effects on the chest wall, the lungs and the diaphragm. Nowadays a lot of techniques exist to monitor and to analyze the morphology and the functionality of respiratory muscles, in particular the diaphragm, but not all of them are suitable for pregnancy that requires instrumentation that are free from ionizing radiations and not invasive. For this reason, chest wall, lung and diaphragmatic functions are assessed by OEP, spirometry, total body plethysmography and US. The aim of this thesis is to use non-invasive and accurate techniques to characterize and monitor chest wall geometry, lung function, breathing pattern, thoraco-abdominal volume variations, and diaphragmatic function during pregnancy. Moreover, a dedicated software is developed to quantify the dynamic evaluation of diaphragmatic thickness and displacement by analyzing the ultrasound (US) images of the diaphragm. Validation shows a slight overestimation of gold standard for all the algorithms developed. Males and females control groups comparison shows: a rounder rib cage in females, no differences in ventilatory and thoraco-abdominal pattern and, in males, higher total and compartmental volumes during the slow vital capacity maneuver, with a higher contribution of the ribcage compartment. A statistically significant reduction of the thickness of the diaphragm is found in both males and females passing form seated to supine position and from lateral decubitus to supine position. The analysis of pregnant women data shows: unchanged spirometric and absolute lung volumes, modifications in chest wall geometry, an increased minute ventilation in supine and an increase in respiratory rate in seated, a decrease/increase in rib cage/abdominal contribution. As for nulliparous females, the thickness of the diaphragm pregnant women is influenced by posture. It is higher in seated position and it decreases in supine positionand lateral decubitus The rounder rib cage and the disproportionate growth of the rib cage relative to the lung is supposed to be an ancestral female feature to accommodate larger abdominal expansion, as in pregnancy. During pregnancy there is a reorganization of rib cage geometry in terms of shapes and not of volume. These changes in rib cage configuration are mediated by the pregnancy-induced hormonal changes and driven by the mechanical force developed by the growing uterus. The pregnancy-induced geometrical changes of the chest wall seem to have effects on the different respiratory muscles. these results suggest that the respiratory muscles seem differently affected by pregnancy: rib cage muscles are impaired, maybe because of the altered rib cage geometry; the diaphragm becomes thicker and the abdominal muscles are preserved. Pregnancy therefore seems to preserve the muscles acting on the abdomen at the expense of the rib cage muscles. This would be propaedeutic for birth.
La gravidanza è una condizione parapillologica che provoca molti cambiamenti nelle donne, modificando sia la morfologia che la funzionalità di tutti gli apparati, i sistemi e gli organi del loro corpo. Nel presente lavoro, siamo particolarmente interessati a studiare gli effetti indotti dalla gravidanza sulla parete toracica, sui polmoni e sul diaframma. Oggi esistono molte tecniche per monitorare e analizzare la morfologia e la funzionalità dei muscoli respiratori, in particolare il diaframma, ma non tutti sono adatti per la gravidanza che richiedono strumentazioni prive di radiazioni ionizzanti e non invasive. Per questo motivo, le funzioni della parete toracica, polmonare e diaframmatica sono valutate da OEP, spirometria, pletismografia completa del corpo e negli Stati Uniti. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di utilizzare tecniche non invasive e precise per caratterizzare e monitorare la geometria della parete del torace, la funzione polmonare, il pattern respiratorio, le variazioni del volume toracico-addominale e la funzione diaframmatica durante la gravidanza. Inoltre, è stato sviluppato un software dedicato per quantificare la valutazione dinamica dello spessore diaframmatico e dello spostamento analizzando le immagini a ultrasuoni (US) del diaframma. La convalida mostra una lieve overestimazione del gold standard per tutti gli algoritmi sviluppati. I gruppi di controllo dei maschi e delle femmine hanno un confronto: una gabbia toracica più arrotondata nelle femmine, nessuna differenza nel modello ventilatorio e toracico-addominale e, nei maschi, più elevati volumi totali e compartimentali durante la manovra di capacità lenta e vitale, con un maggiore contributo del compartimento del ribaccio. Una riduzione statisticamente significativa dello spessore del diaframma si trova in entrambi i maschi e le femmine che passano dalla seduta alla posizione supina e dal decubito laterale alla posizione supina. L'analisi dei dati sulle donne in gravidanza mostra: volumi polmonari spirometrici e assoluti invariati, modifiche della geometria della parete toracica, aumento della ventilazione minima in posizione supina e aumento della frequenza respiratoria in sede, diminuzione / aumento della gabbia toracica / contributo addominale. Per quanto riguarda le donne nulliparose, lo spessore delle donne gravide delle membrane è influenzato dalla postura. È più alta in posizione di seduta e diminuisce in posizione supina e decubito laterale La gabbia più arrotondata e la crescita sproporzionata della gabbia rispetto alla polmone dovrebbero essere una caratteristica femminile ancestrale per ospitare una maggiore espansione addominale, come in gravidanza. Durante la gravidanza vi è una riorganizzazione della geometria della gabbia toracica in termini di forme e non di volume. Questi cambiamenti nella configurazione della gabbia sono mediati dai cambiamenti ormonali indotti dalla gravidanza e guidati dalla forza meccanica sviluppata dall'utero crescente. I cambiamenti geometrici indotti dalla gravidanza della parete toracica sembrano avere effetti sui diversi muscoli respiratori. Questi risultati suggeriscono che i muscoli respiratori sembrano influenzati in modo diverso dalla gravidanza: i muscoli della gabbia della caviglia sono compromessi, forse a causa della geometria della gabbia alterata; Il diaframma diventa più spessa ei muscoli addominali vengono conservati. La gravidanza, quindi, sembra conservare i muscoli che agiscono sull'addome a scapito dei muscoli della ginocchia. Questo sarebbe propagandistico per la nascita.
The effect of pregnancy on chest wall and diaphragmatic function
BOSCHETTI, GIULIA;DE BELLIS, MICHELA
2015/2016
Abstract
Pregnancy is a paraphysiological condition which causes a lot of changes in women, modifying both morphology and functionality of all the apparatus, systems and organs of their body. In the present work, we are particularly interested in studying the pregnancy induced-effects on the chest wall, the lungs and the diaphragm. Nowadays a lot of techniques exist to monitor and to analyze the morphology and the functionality of respiratory muscles, in particular the diaphragm, but not all of them are suitable for pregnancy that requires instrumentation that are free from ionizing radiations and not invasive. For this reason, chest wall, lung and diaphragmatic functions are assessed by OEP, spirometry, total body plethysmography and US. The aim of this thesis is to use non-invasive and accurate techniques to characterize and monitor chest wall geometry, lung function, breathing pattern, thoraco-abdominal volume variations, and diaphragmatic function during pregnancy. Moreover, a dedicated software is developed to quantify the dynamic evaluation of diaphragmatic thickness and displacement by analyzing the ultrasound (US) images of the diaphragm. Validation shows a slight overestimation of gold standard for all the algorithms developed. Males and females control groups comparison shows: a rounder rib cage in females, no differences in ventilatory and thoraco-abdominal pattern and, in males, higher total and compartmental volumes during the slow vital capacity maneuver, with a higher contribution of the ribcage compartment. A statistically significant reduction of the thickness of the diaphragm is found in both males and females passing form seated to supine position and from lateral decubitus to supine position. The analysis of pregnant women data shows: unchanged spirometric and absolute lung volumes, modifications in chest wall geometry, an increased minute ventilation in supine and an increase in respiratory rate in seated, a decrease/increase in rib cage/abdominal contribution. As for nulliparous females, the thickness of the diaphragm pregnant women is influenced by posture. It is higher in seated position and it decreases in supine positionand lateral decubitus The rounder rib cage and the disproportionate growth of the rib cage relative to the lung is supposed to be an ancestral female feature to accommodate larger abdominal expansion, as in pregnancy. During pregnancy there is a reorganization of rib cage geometry in terms of shapes and not of volume. These changes in rib cage configuration are mediated by the pregnancy-induced hormonal changes and driven by the mechanical force developed by the growing uterus. The pregnancy-induced geometrical changes of the chest wall seem to have effects on the different respiratory muscles. these results suggest that the respiratory muscles seem differently affected by pregnancy: rib cage muscles are impaired, maybe because of the altered rib cage geometry; the diaphragm becomes thicker and the abdominal muscles are preserved. Pregnancy therefore seems to preserve the muscles acting on the abdomen at the expense of the rib cage muscles. This would be propaedeutic for birth.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133289