Before 1987, Nitric Oxide (NO) was generally considered as an important chemical intermediate and unavoidable product during fuel combustion. The sensational discovery, concerning the fact that the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was NO, by R. Furchgott, L. Ignarro and F. Murad marked the beginning of a major worldwide expansion in NO investigation. With research ongoing and knowledge increasing, NO has been found to present manifold physiological and pathophysiological functions associated with cardiovascular homestasis, immune response to infection, wound repair, tumor biology and pathology. The possibility to combine nitric oxide with a suitable and highly certified drug delivery system based on gelatin hydrogel has been developed and investigated for the first time in the present thesis work. Starting with the modification of native gelatin powder in order to satisfy the best arrangement for the nitric oxide attachment, a two step protocol has been exploited and readapted. Key role in the project is related to the thiolation of gelatin. Indeed, thiol groups act as a bridge between the gelatin matrix of the hydrogel and the nitric oxide, carrying out the formation of the S-nitrosothiol compound and directly controlling the quantity. Different spectroscopic techniques, such as FTIR, XPS, Raman, TOF-SIMS are widely used in order to obtain a complete characterization of the material. In particular, UV-vis spectroscopy is exploited to evaluate the efficiency and obtain a quantification of the yield of the main processes (e.g. amination of native gelatin, thiolation of aminated gelatin and loading/release of nitric oxide). Hydrogels were also investigated with static contact angle measurement, weight variation in physiological-like solution and in vitro direct cytotoxicity test.
Fino al 1987, l’Ossido Nitrico (NO) era considerato un importante intermedio chimico o un inquinante derivato dalla combustione di combustibili fossili. La sensazionale scoperta da parte di Furchgott, , L. Ignarro e F. Murad, riguardante il fatto che l’ossido nitrico fosse un fattore di rilascio endotelio-derivato (EDRF) segnò l’inizio di una nuova e importante branca di studio dell’NO. Con l’avanzamento della ricerca, si è scoperto che l’NO ricopre diverse funzioni fisiologiche e pato-fisiologiche associate all’omeostasi cardiovascolare, alla risposta immunitaria legata ad infezioni, alla sua azione antibatterica e nei processi neo-plastici. Per questi motivi, si è osservato un crescente interesse della ricerca riguardo all’ossido nitrico e ai possibili sistemi di rilascio di tale sostanza all’interno del corpo umano. La possibilità di combinare le potenzialità dell’ossido nitrico con un opportuno sistema di rilascio basato su idrogeli di gelatina è stato sviluppato e studiato per la prima volta nel presente lavoro di tesi. Effettuando inizialmente la modifica della gelatina nativa per ricavare le migliori condizioni per la formazione di un composto stabile in grado di legare l’ossido nitrico, è stato sfruttato e riadattato con successo un protocollo a due fasi. Passaggio chiave nel progetto di tesi è la tiolazione della gelatina, in quanto i gruppi tioli sono quelli destinati a fungere da ponte tra la matrice di gelatina dell'idrogelo e l'ossido nitrico, attraverso la formazione del composto S-nitrosotiolo. Tali gruppi sono tra i principali e più interessanti donatori di NO, grazie all’assenza di effetti secondari tipici di nitrati organici o del nitroprussiato, attualmente utilizzati nella pratica clinica. Per ottenere una caratterizzazione completa dei materiali modificati e non, sono state utilizzate diverse tecniche spettroscopiche, quali FTIR, XPS, Raman, TOF-SIMS. Inoltre, la spettroscopia UV-vis è stata impiegata per valutare l'efficienza dei processi di modifica della gelatina, ottenendo una quantificazione del rendimento dei processi principali (come l’aminazione della gelatina nativa, la tiolazione della gelatina aminata e il caricamento/rilascio di ossido nitrico). Gli idrogeli sono inoltre studiati mediante misure dell’angolo di contatto statico (sessile drop method), prove di variazione ponderale in ambiente physiological-like e test di citotossicità diretta in vitro.
Synthesis and characterization of nitric oxide delivery system based on gelatin hydrogel
NERVO, ANDREA
2016/2017
Abstract
Before 1987, Nitric Oxide (NO) was generally considered as an important chemical intermediate and unavoidable product during fuel combustion. The sensational discovery, concerning the fact that the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was NO, by R. Furchgott, L. Ignarro and F. Murad marked the beginning of a major worldwide expansion in NO investigation. With research ongoing and knowledge increasing, NO has been found to present manifold physiological and pathophysiological functions associated with cardiovascular homestasis, immune response to infection, wound repair, tumor biology and pathology. The possibility to combine nitric oxide with a suitable and highly certified drug delivery system based on gelatin hydrogel has been developed and investigated for the first time in the present thesis work. Starting with the modification of native gelatin powder in order to satisfy the best arrangement for the nitric oxide attachment, a two step protocol has been exploited and readapted. Key role in the project is related to the thiolation of gelatin. Indeed, thiol groups act as a bridge between the gelatin matrix of the hydrogel and the nitric oxide, carrying out the formation of the S-nitrosothiol compound and directly controlling the quantity. Different spectroscopic techniques, such as FTIR, XPS, Raman, TOF-SIMS are widely used in order to obtain a complete characterization of the material. In particular, UV-vis spectroscopy is exploited to evaluate the efficiency and obtain a quantification of the yield of the main processes (e.g. amination of native gelatin, thiolation of aminated gelatin and loading/release of nitric oxide). Hydrogels were also investigated with static contact angle measurement, weight variation in physiological-like solution and in vitro direct cytotoxicity test.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Nervo_Andrea_NO_Delivery_System_based_on_Thiolated_Gelatin_Hydrogel.pdf
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Descrizione: The present study is focused on the possibility to synthetize a new NO delivery system based on gelatin hydrogel. Thanks to the optimal properties (e.g. biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic) that makes gelatin hydrogel a suitable compound for biomedical applications, the combination of these two materials (nitric oxide and gelatin hydrogel) can lead to new interesting medical devices with a wide plethora of applications. Therefore, developing a suitable carrier, this thesis work aims to investigate every step and aspect of the study of a new material able to better interact with nitric oxide and its loading/release kinetic.
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133309