Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and an increase in cancer cases is expected in next decades. As a consequence, the consumption of cytotoxic drugs is raising. These pharmaceuticals are able to interact with DNA blocking the proliferation of cancer cells but lack of selectivity and may act on healthy cells too. Unfortunately, these compounds have been detected in surface waters. In fact, wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove cytotoxic compounds due to their low concentrations and high hydrophilicity. Thus, it is important to develop new techniques capable to treat them. Photocatalysis through UV and TiO2 seems an effective alternative as it involves the generation of highly reactive radical species. With the present work photocatalysis with Degussa P25 TiO2 is tested on three widely used anticancer drugs, methotrexate (MTX), cyclophosphamide (CP) and gemcitabine (GEM). The effect of the process parameters, such as pH, TiO2 load and initial concentration was investigated for MTX in pure water. pH plays an important role as it regulates adsorption and electrostatic interactions between MTX and TiO2. At acidic pH photocatalysis was completely inhibited while at neutral and basic pH degradation of MTX was possible. The degradation rate increased with increasing TiO2 load reaching a plateau for [TiO2]=1.5 g/L and with decreasing MTX concentration. At the optimal conditions MTX was completely degraded in less than 10 minutes. Nevertheless, degradation did not occurred in synthetic urine proving that inorganic ions and NOM inhibit photocatalysis. Results on a mix of MTX, GEM and CP underlined that MTX was still eliminated as CP and GEM showed only partial degradation. This may be due to the different reciprocal affinity with radical species. So, photocatalysis seemed applicable for cytotoxic drugs but further studies are needed to assess its applicability on complex matrixes such as hospital wastewaters. In addition, a more detailed study of the toxicity of the treated water should be performed to investigate the production of toxic by-products
Il numero di casi di cancro cresce ogni anno a scala mondiale. Di conseguenza, il consumo di farmaci citotossici sta aumentando. Questi farmaci sono concepiti per interagire con il DNA delle cellule tumorali bloccandone la proliferazione ma data la loro scarsa selettività agiscono anche su cellule sane. Purtroppo concentrazioni di questi farmaci sono state misurate in acque superficiali dimostrando l’inefficacia dei comuni impianti di trattamento nel rimuoverli. È quindi necessario sviluppare tecniche in grado di rimuovere questi inquinanti come la fotocatalisi mediante UV e TiO2 che è in grado di generare specie radicaliche molto reattive. Con il presente lavoro la fotocatalisi con TiO2 (Degussa P25) è testata per scomporre tre farmaci chemoterapici ampiamente utilizzati: il metotrexato (MTX), il ciclofosfamide (CP) e la gemcitabina (GEM). I parametri di processo, come pH, concentrazione di TiO2 e di farmaco, sono ottimizzati per MTX in acqua pura. In particolare, il pH svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel processo poiché regola l’adsorbimento e le interazioni elettrostatiche tra l’inquinante e TiO2. A pH acido la fotocatalisi è inibita mentre a pH neutro e basico è stato possibile degradare efficacemente MTX. Il rateo di reazione cresce con la concentrazione di TiO2 per concentrazioni fino a 1,5 g/L mentre decresce con la concentrazione di MTX. Alle condizioni ottimizzate MTX è stato degradato in meno di 10 minuti. Tuttavia la stessa procedura non ha raggiunto risultati positivi in urina sintetica dimostrando come ioni e NOM inibiscano il processo. I risultati sulla miscela dei tre contaminanti hanno dimostrato come MTX sia più reattivo nei confronti delle specie radicaliche poiché si degrada completamente mentre GEM e CP sono stati solo parzialmente degradati. In conclusione, la fotocatalisi sembra applicabile per la rimozione di farmaci citotossici ma è necessario testare la tecnica in matrici più complesse come i reflui ospedalieri. In aggiunta, test di eco-tossicità dovranno essere effettuati per verificare la produzione di sotto-prodotti tossici
Degradation of cytotoxic compounds by TiO2-UV photocatalysis
REGUZZONI, GIULIO
2015/2016
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and an increase in cancer cases is expected in next decades. As a consequence, the consumption of cytotoxic drugs is raising. These pharmaceuticals are able to interact with DNA blocking the proliferation of cancer cells but lack of selectivity and may act on healthy cells too. Unfortunately, these compounds have been detected in surface waters. In fact, wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove cytotoxic compounds due to their low concentrations and high hydrophilicity. Thus, it is important to develop new techniques capable to treat them. Photocatalysis through UV and TiO2 seems an effective alternative as it involves the generation of highly reactive radical species. With the present work photocatalysis with Degussa P25 TiO2 is tested on three widely used anticancer drugs, methotrexate (MTX), cyclophosphamide (CP) and gemcitabine (GEM). The effect of the process parameters, such as pH, TiO2 load and initial concentration was investigated for MTX in pure water. pH plays an important role as it regulates adsorption and electrostatic interactions between MTX and TiO2. At acidic pH photocatalysis was completely inhibited while at neutral and basic pH degradation of MTX was possible. The degradation rate increased with increasing TiO2 load reaching a plateau for [TiO2]=1.5 g/L and with decreasing MTX concentration. At the optimal conditions MTX was completely degraded in less than 10 minutes. Nevertheless, degradation did not occurred in synthetic urine proving that inorganic ions and NOM inhibit photocatalysis. Results on a mix of MTX, GEM and CP underlined that MTX was still eliminated as CP and GEM showed only partial degradation. This may be due to the different reciprocal affinity with radical species. So, photocatalysis seemed applicable for cytotoxic drugs but further studies are needed to assess its applicability on complex matrixes such as hospital wastewaters. In addition, a more detailed study of the toxicity of the treated water should be performed to investigate the production of toxic by-productsFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133617