With the objective of further enhancing gains from oil exploitation, countries have enacted local content policies. That is, leveraging on the positive externalities created by the oil extractive value chain, to foster the development of local businesses and people, by temporarily protecting them from foreign competition. However, past experiences for implementations of these policies in different countries have achieved contrasting results. The purpose of the study was to analyse different types of local content policies, assess the results they achieved, and identify some possible contextual factors that could explain such results. It was hypothesised that similar policies could achieve changed outcomes if implemented under different social, political and economic contexts. For this, nine countries were compared in terms of context, policies applied, and outcomes achieved. Then, patterns and trends were searched to understand how context influenced outcome, for analogous policies. It was found that countries that had more suitable business environments achieved better results for policies including preferential treatment in contract awarding for local firms, and foreign sourcing quotas. Also, low corruption levels were determined critical when joint ventures were mandatory, since otherwise they led to rent-seeking behaviours. What is more, it was observed that some contextual situations improved the overall results of many policies. These included countries enjoying relative political stability, having a more qualified workforce in terms of education, and sufficient R&D expenditures. It was concluded that policy alone should not be the only focus of legislators, and that holistic analyses must be carried out to find the best way to adapt them to each country’s context. Particularly, focus ought to be put in fostering local competitiveness, to avoid welfare losses coming from trade diversion.
Al fine di sfruttare i benefici derivanti dalle attività di estrazione del petrolio, i paesi produttori hanno adottato diverse politiche di local content. Cioè, hanno cercato di fare leva sulle esternalità positive create dalla catena del valore del petrolio, per favorire lo sviluppo delle imprese locali e del capitale umano, introducendo misure protettive dalla concorrenza straniera di natura temporanea. Tuttavia, le implementazioni di queste politiche in diversi paesi hanno ottenuto risultati contrastanti. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di analizzare diversi tipi di politiche di local content, valutare i risultati che hanno raggiunto, e identificare alcuni possibili fattori contestuali che contribuiscono a spiegare questi risultati. È stato ipotizzato che le politiche simili potrebbero raggiungere risultati diversi se attuate in contesti sociali, politici ed economici diversi. Per questo, nove paesi sono stati confrontati in termini di contesto, politiche applicate, e risultati conseguiti. Poi, modelli e tendenze sono stati cercati per capire come il contesto ha influenzato il risultato, per le politiche analoghe. L’analisi ha evidenziato che i paesi che hanno avuto ambienti di business più adeguati hanno ottenuto risultati migliori per politiche come il trattamento preferenziale in assegnazione dei contratti per le aziende locali, e le quote di approvvigionamento straniere. Inoltre, livelli di corruzione bassi sono stati determinati critico quando joint ventures fossero obbligatorie. Inoltre, alcuni fattori di contesto hanno migliorato i risultati di molte politiche: relativa stabilità politica, avere una forza di lavoro più qualificata, e un’adeguata spesa per ricerca. Si è concluso che la politica da sola non dovrebbe essere l'unico obiettivo dei legislatori, e che un’analisi olistica deve essere effettuata per trovare il modo migliore per adattarli alle contesto di ciascun paese. In particolare, dovrebbe essere dedicata particolare attenzione a promuovere la competitività locale, al fine di evitare perdite di benessere provenienti da diversione degli scambi.
Local content policies in the oil industry : a comparative analysis
VINET BRAND, MARTÍN
2016/2017
Abstract
With the objective of further enhancing gains from oil exploitation, countries have enacted local content policies. That is, leveraging on the positive externalities created by the oil extractive value chain, to foster the development of local businesses and people, by temporarily protecting them from foreign competition. However, past experiences for implementations of these policies in different countries have achieved contrasting results. The purpose of the study was to analyse different types of local content policies, assess the results they achieved, and identify some possible contextual factors that could explain such results. It was hypothesised that similar policies could achieve changed outcomes if implemented under different social, political and economic contexts. For this, nine countries were compared in terms of context, policies applied, and outcomes achieved. Then, patterns and trends were searched to understand how context influenced outcome, for analogous policies. It was found that countries that had more suitable business environments achieved better results for policies including preferential treatment in contract awarding for local firms, and foreign sourcing quotas. Also, low corruption levels were determined critical when joint ventures were mandatory, since otherwise they led to rent-seeking behaviours. What is more, it was observed that some contextual situations improved the overall results of many policies. These included countries enjoying relative political stability, having a more qualified workforce in terms of education, and sufficient R&D expenditures. It was concluded that policy alone should not be the only focus of legislators, and that holistic analyses must be carried out to find the best way to adapt them to each country’s context. Particularly, focus ought to be put in fostering local competitiveness, to avoid welfare losses coming from trade diversion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133781