In the coming years, one of the main issues that society needs to tackle is the climate change, as a consequence of the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Limiting the global warming is a priority for the European Union which, for this reason, has pledged to slash down its greenhouse gas emissions through the establishment of clear objectives, to be achieved through the joint efforts of the member states. The power generation and the transport sectors are among the largest emitters of GHG emissions as, to date, they still rely heavily on the use of hydrocarbon-based fuels. In this context, a greater use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity, the introduction of storage technologies and the development of electric mobility can play a vital role. The purpose of this thesis is to study the evolution of the Italian energy system, investigating the effects attainable in different forecasted scenarios. In particular, a sustainable development of both the power grid and the road transportation is considered, through the evaluation of the impacts generated by an increased share of renewable sources in the electricity production, the exploitation of electrical energy storage systems and an increase in the alternative mobility. This analysis is assessed first at the technical level, then in terms of environmental impact and finally from an economic point of view. In order to do this, a model that simulates the future behavior of the Italian power grid system is developed and implemented, featuring a nodal system structure and an hourly resolution. As a growing development of the electric mobility is predicted, comprising plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen-fueled ones, it turns out that the transport sector is closely related to the power grid one. Considering the close interconnection between these two areas, a key role is given to the Power-to-Gas (P2G) technology, being a storage option that includes the conversion of the electrical energy into chemical energy. In particular, it is able to use the renewable excess energy from the power grid to produce hydrogen, which could be used for the propulsion of fuel-cell electric vehicles. In addition to P2G, two other types of energy storage are considered: the pumped hydroelectric plants and the battery energy storage system; because they allow to increase the dispatchability of the electrical energy and thus the exploitation of renewable sources. The results show that the parallel development of the power grid and mobility could lead to significant and economically feasible results in terms of both penetration of renewable energy sources in the Italian system and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the targets set by the European Union appears to be rather ambitious, and further actions should be taken into account to fully achieve the GHG reduction goals.
Uno dei problemi principali a cui la società dovrà far fronte nei prossimi anni è il cambiamento climatico, fortemente connesso all’emissione di gas ad effetto serra in atmosfera. Limitare il riscaldamento globale è una priorità per l’Unione Europea che, per questo motivo, si è impegnata a ridurre drasticamente le sue emissioni attraverso la definizione di precisi obiettivi da raggiungere attraverso l’impegno congiunto degli stati membri. Il settore della generazione di potenza e il settore dei trasporti sono tra i principali responsabili delle emissioni di gas serra in quanto, ad oggi, si basano ancora fortemente sull’utilizzo degli idrocarburi di origine fossile. In questo contesto un maggiore sfruttamento delle fonti rinnovabili per la produzione di energia elettrica, l’introduzione delle tecnologie di storage e lo sviluppo della mobilità elettrica possono avere un ruolo determinante. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di studiare l’evoluzione del sistema energetico italiano, analizzando gli effetti ottenibili in diversi scenari prospettici. In particolare, si considera uno sviluppo sostenibile della rete elettrica e del trasporto su strada, attraverso l’installazione di una grande capacità di generazione elettrica da fonti rinnovabili, lo sfruttamento delle tecnologie di accumulo elettrico e l’ aumento della mobilità alternativa. L’analisi viene svolta prima a livello tecnico, poi in termini di impatto ambientale e infine da un punto di vista economico. A tal fine, è stato sviluppato e implementato un modello che, basandosi su una struttura nodale del sistema e su una risoluzione oraria, simula il comportamento futuro della rete elettrica italiana. In virtù del fatto che viene previsto un crescente sviluppo della mobilità elettrica, che include i veicoli elettrici plug-in e quelli alimentati a idrogeno, il settore del trasporto su strada risulta essere fortemente legato alla rete elettrica. In quest’ottica di stretta connessione tra i due settori, la tecnologia Power-to-Gas (P2G), quale sistema di accumulo capace di convertire l’energia elettrica in energia chimica come combustibile, assume un ruolo chiave. In particolare, essa è in grado di utilizzare l’energia rinnovabile in eccesso dalla rete per produrre idrogeno ‘pulito’, utile per l’alimentazione dei veicoli a fuel cell. Oltre al P2G, si sono considerate altre due tipologie di storage: gli impianti idroelettrici di pompaggio (PHS) e le batterie (BESS), poiché permettono di aumentare la dispacciabilità dell’energia elettrica e lo sfruttamento delle risorse rinnovabili. I risultati mostrano che lo sviluppo parallelo di rete elettrica e mobilità porta a risultati interessanti ed economicamente sostenibili sia in termini di penetrazione delle fonti rinnovabili nel sistema Italia che in termini di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra. Tuttavia, per poter pienamente rispettare gli ambiziosi obiettivi fissati dall’Unione Europea, ulteriori azioni dovrebbero essere prese in considerazione.
Evolution of the Italian energy system : power grid, storage and mobility
GIANATTI, LUCA;CHIAPPINI, MATTEO
2015/2016
Abstract
In the coming years, one of the main issues that society needs to tackle is the climate change, as a consequence of the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Limiting the global warming is a priority for the European Union which, for this reason, has pledged to slash down its greenhouse gas emissions through the establishment of clear objectives, to be achieved through the joint efforts of the member states. The power generation and the transport sectors are among the largest emitters of GHG emissions as, to date, they still rely heavily on the use of hydrocarbon-based fuels. In this context, a greater use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity, the introduction of storage technologies and the development of electric mobility can play a vital role. The purpose of this thesis is to study the evolution of the Italian energy system, investigating the effects attainable in different forecasted scenarios. In particular, a sustainable development of both the power grid and the road transportation is considered, through the evaluation of the impacts generated by an increased share of renewable sources in the electricity production, the exploitation of electrical energy storage systems and an increase in the alternative mobility. This analysis is assessed first at the technical level, then in terms of environmental impact and finally from an economic point of view. In order to do this, a model that simulates the future behavior of the Italian power grid system is developed and implemented, featuring a nodal system structure and an hourly resolution. As a growing development of the electric mobility is predicted, comprising plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen-fueled ones, it turns out that the transport sector is closely related to the power grid one. Considering the close interconnection between these two areas, a key role is given to the Power-to-Gas (P2G) technology, being a storage option that includes the conversion of the electrical energy into chemical energy. In particular, it is able to use the renewable excess energy from the power grid to produce hydrogen, which could be used for the propulsion of fuel-cell electric vehicles. In addition to P2G, two other types of energy storage are considered: the pumped hydroelectric plants and the battery energy storage system; because they allow to increase the dispatchability of the electrical energy and thus the exploitation of renewable sources. The results show that the parallel development of the power grid and mobility could lead to significant and economically feasible results in terms of both penetration of renewable energy sources in the Italian system and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the targets set by the European Union appears to be rather ambitious, and further actions should be taken into account to fully achieve the GHG reduction goals.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133968