This thesis had, as “flagship objective”, the preparation of elastomeric composites suitable for applications in tyre compounds, characterized by mechanical reinforcement, little dissipation of energy and electrical conductivity. To achieve such objective, the functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes was pursued. In this thesis, facile, versatile, sustainable, not expensive methods, suitable for the introduction of functional groups on both nano- and nanostructured sp2 carbon allotropes, were developed. Such methods were based on: (i) 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole, SP), a serinol derivative, (ii) chitosan, (iii) KOH. Solvents other than water and catalysts were not used and functionalization reactions were characterized by high efficiency. Functionalization with serinol pyrrole reaction performed with the help of thermal energy left almost completely unaltered the structure of graphitic substrate and it is reasonable to assume the formation of covalent bonds with the graphitic substrate. Stable dispersions in water and NR latex were obtained of SP adducts with a high surface area graphite (HSAG). Few layers graphene were isolated from water suspensions. Composites based on HSAG-SP adducts prepared from latex blending achieved electrical percolation threshold at nanographite content lower than the one required when composites were prepared via melt blending and also when they were prepared via latex blending but with another surfactant. Adducts of SP were prepared also with carbon black (CB). Stable dispersions in water and natural rubber latexes were obtained and silica based compounds, with NR and BR as the polymer matrix, were prepared, observing a substantial reduction of the filler networking phenomenon. Hence, CB-SP is able to interact with a polar filler such as silica, favoring the reduction of energy dissipation in dynamic mechanical applications of a rubber compound. CNT-SP adducts were as well obtained and were used to prepare stable water dispersions. Adducts of high surface area graphite were prepared with chitosan, in the presence and in the absence of SP as graphite modifier. By simply coating or through the freeze-dry approach electrically conductive carbon papers and aerogels were prepared. Hydroxy groups were introduced onto graphene layers thanks to the reaction with KOH, forming G-OH. Stable water suspensions and electrically conductive carbon papers, through simple casting of G-OH water dispersions were prepared. Sort of master curves were obtained for the mechanical reinforcement as a function of the polymer-filler interfacial area: lower amount of nanofillers with larger interfacial area could be used to achieve large mechanical reinforcement. Electrical conductivity was achieved in a rubber based compound by using a low CNT content and the so called double percolation approach. IR based composites with CNT above their percolation threshold were blended with other rubbers, maintaining IR as continuous phase. It is possible to comment that results of the present thesis allow to achieve or at least to approach the “flagship objective”. In a nutshell, functionalization able to leave unaltered the structure of a carbon filler allows to prepare elastomeric composites with lower carbon filler content, achieving target mechanical reinforcement and electrical conductivity and low dissipation of energy.
Questa tesi ha come "obiettivo principale" la preparazione di compositi elastomerici per applicazioni in nell’industria tyre, caratterizzati da rinforzo meccanico, scarsa dissipazione di energia e conducibilità elettrica. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, è stata perseguita la funzionalizzazione degli allotropi di carbonio ad ibridizzazione sp2. In questa tesi sono stati sviluppati metodi facili, versatili, sostenibili e non costosi, idonei all'introduzione di gruppi funzionali sugli allotropi di carbonio ibridizzati sp2 nano e nanostrutturati. Tali metodi sono stati basati su: (i) 2- (2,5-dimetil-1H-pirrol-1 -il) -1,3-propandiolo (serinolo pirrolo, SP), un derivato di serinolo, (ii) chitosano (iii) KOH. Non sono stati utilizzati catalizzatori e solventi non acquosi e le reazioni di funzionalizzazione sono state caratterizzate da un’ elevata efficienza. La reazione di funzionalizzazione con il serinol pirrolo eseguita tramite energia termica ha lasciato quasi completamente inalterata la struttura del substrato grafitico ed è ragionevole ipotizzare la formazione di legami covalenti con il substrato grafitico. Da una grafite con elevata area superficiale (HSAG) sono state ottenute dispersioni stabili in acqua e nel lattice di NR. Alcuni strati di grafene sono stati isolati dalle sospensioni acquose. I compositi a base HSAG-SP preparati dalla miscelazione in lattice hanno raggiunto la soglia di percolazione elettrica con tenori di nanografite inferiori a quello di compositi preparati mediante melt blending o preparati tramite latex blending ma con un altro tensioattivo. Gli addotti a base SP sono stati preparati anche con il nero di carbonio (CB). Sono state ottenute dispersioni stabili in acqua e lattice di gomma naturale e sono stati preparati composti a base silice, con NR e BR come matrice polimerica, osservando una sostanziale riduzione del fenomeno di networking del filler. Pertanto, CB-SP è in grado di interagire con un filler polare come la silice, favorendo la riduzione della dissipazione di energia nelle applicazioni dinamico meccaniche di un composto in gomma. Sono stati ottenuti anche addotti CNT-SP e sono stati usati per preparare dispersioni stabili in acqua. Adotti di HSAG sono stati preparati con il chitosano, in presenza e in assenza di SP. Tramite casting o attraverso il processo di liofilizzazione sono stati preparati film a base carboniosa e aerogel. La conducibilità elettrica è stata ottenuta in compositi elastomerici utilizzando un basso contenuto di CNT e il cosiddetto approccio di doppia percolazione. I compositi a base IR con CNT sopra la loro soglia di percolazione sono stati miscelati con altre gomme, mantenendo IR come fase continua. È possibile commentare che i risultati della presente tesi permettono di raggiungere o almeno avvicinarsi all'obiettivo "principale". In poche parole, la funzionalizzazione in grado di lasciare inalterata la struttura di un filler carbonioso permette di preparare compositi elastomerici con contenuto di carica inferiore, ottenendo un rinforzo meccanico e una conduttività elettrica e una bassa dissipazione di energia.
Facile functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes as fillers for elastomer composites
GUERRA, SILVIA
Abstract
This thesis had, as “flagship objective”, the preparation of elastomeric composites suitable for applications in tyre compounds, characterized by mechanical reinforcement, little dissipation of energy and electrical conductivity. To achieve such objective, the functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes was pursued. In this thesis, facile, versatile, sustainable, not expensive methods, suitable for the introduction of functional groups on both nano- and nanostructured sp2 carbon allotropes, were developed. Such methods were based on: (i) 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole, SP), a serinol derivative, (ii) chitosan, (iii) KOH. Solvents other than water and catalysts were not used and functionalization reactions were characterized by high efficiency. Functionalization with serinol pyrrole reaction performed with the help of thermal energy left almost completely unaltered the structure of graphitic substrate and it is reasonable to assume the formation of covalent bonds with the graphitic substrate. Stable dispersions in water and NR latex were obtained of SP adducts with a high surface area graphite (HSAG). Few layers graphene were isolated from water suspensions. Composites based on HSAG-SP adducts prepared from latex blending achieved electrical percolation threshold at nanographite content lower than the one required when composites were prepared via melt blending and also when they were prepared via latex blending but with another surfactant. Adducts of SP were prepared also with carbon black (CB). Stable dispersions in water and natural rubber latexes were obtained and silica based compounds, with NR and BR as the polymer matrix, were prepared, observing a substantial reduction of the filler networking phenomenon. Hence, CB-SP is able to interact with a polar filler such as silica, favoring the reduction of energy dissipation in dynamic mechanical applications of a rubber compound. CNT-SP adducts were as well obtained and were used to prepare stable water dispersions. Adducts of high surface area graphite were prepared with chitosan, in the presence and in the absence of SP as graphite modifier. By simply coating or through the freeze-dry approach electrically conductive carbon papers and aerogels were prepared. Hydroxy groups were introduced onto graphene layers thanks to the reaction with KOH, forming G-OH. Stable water suspensions and electrically conductive carbon papers, through simple casting of G-OH water dispersions were prepared. Sort of master curves were obtained for the mechanical reinforcement as a function of the polymer-filler interfacial area: lower amount of nanofillers with larger interfacial area could be used to achieve large mechanical reinforcement. Electrical conductivity was achieved in a rubber based compound by using a low CNT content and the so called double percolation approach. IR based composites with CNT above their percolation threshold were blended with other rubbers, maintaining IR as continuous phase. It is possible to comment that results of the present thesis allow to achieve or at least to approach the “flagship objective”. In a nutshell, functionalization able to leave unaltered the structure of a carbon filler allows to prepare elastomeric composites with lower carbon filler content, achieving target mechanical reinforcement and electrical conductivity and low dissipation of energy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/134582