The Torrioni di Rialba are high rock cliffs located in Abbadia Lariana (province of Lecco, Italy). They mainly consist of a conglomeratic rock and they lay on a plastic claystone layer. This geological condition is not stable, since the plastic layer is subjected to lateral spread under the enormous weight of rigid rocks, which might eventually topple. In particular, one Torrione of 25×20×100 m3 is almost isolated from the other four ones, and it is subjected to frontal reduction due to karst phenomena. It represents a serious threaten for the surrounding areas, as its possible collapse would crash into a very congested national road and railway, a gas pipe, a power line and an ENEL power station. Moreover, this Torrione would fall into Lake Como, causing a tsunami, which would propagate reaching the neighbouring towns. The modelling reconstruction at the basis of the simulations of the present work is innovative, because it is 3D and considers the impact of Torrioni with the Lake, also in terms of surface wave propagation and dynamics of the submerged rock mass. According to our knowledge, this application might represent a first example on 3D numerical modelling of the toppling of a rock mass, its sliding along a slope and its interaction with a water body. The software used is SPHERA v.8.0 (RSE SpA), which is based on the SPH (“Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics”) method, which is a mesh-less CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technique. It has been applied in a peculiar case study involving two different stages: an aerial stage of the rock mass dynamics for the landslide modelling and a submerged stage for the Torrione impact with the free surface, its underwater dynamics and the surface wave propagation. This study deals with different collapse scenarios in landslide modelling to face the incertitude of the possible events. They differ for toppling velocities and number of parts into which the Torrione is broken at the impact with the terrain. For each of them, the above code is used to find out many variables, like the Torrione trajectory, its velocity at the impact with the Lake, its resultant force and torque, the distances from the potential targets above mentioned (gas pipe, power line…), eventual impact velocity at the target location, the distance from the shoreline of the final position reached by the submerged body, the time the body takes to reach a stable position on the bottom of the Lake, the Lake level variation due to the tsunami induced by the Torrione impact, the run-up height etc. The wave front propagates until the extremes of the fluid domain, whose sides have a length of 1 km. This means it could reach the neighbouring towns and also the other side of the Lake.
I torrioni di Rialba sono delle alte scogliere in roccia posizionate ad Abbadia Lariana (provincia di Lecco, Italia). Sono formate da roccia conglomeratica e giacciono su uno strato plastico. Questa condizione geologica non è stabile, dato che lo strato plastico è soggetto ad espandimento laterale sotto l’enorme peso di rocce rigide, che potrebbero ribaltarsi. Nello specifico, un torrione di 25×20×100 m3 è quasi completamente isolato dagli altri quattro ed è soggetto a riduzione frontale dovuta a carsismo. Questa condizione rappresenta una seria minaccia per le aree circostanti, dato che un possibile crollo impatterebbe una strada nazionale molto congestionata ed una ferrovia, una tubazione del gas, un elettrodotto e una centrale elettrica ENEL. Inoltre, questo torrione cadrebbe nel lago di Como, causando uno tsunami che si propagherebbe raggiungendo le città vicine. La ricostruzione modellistica alla base di questo lavoro è innovativa, perché è in 3D e comprende sia la frana che l’impatto con il lago, anche in termini di propagazione dell’onda superficiale e dinamica dell’ammasso roccioso sommerso. Visto lo stato dell’arte, quest’applicazione rappresenterebbe un primo esempio di modellazione numerica in 3D del ribaltamento di un ammasso roccioso, il suo scivolamento lungo il pendio e la sua interazione con un corpo idrico. Il codice usato è SPHERA v.8.0 (RSE SpA), è basato sul metodo SPH (“Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics”), che è una tecnica di CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) senza griglia di calcolo. Questo studio tratta diversi scenari di crollo per la modellazione della frana, in modo da far fronte all’incertezza degli eventi che possono verificarsi. Gli scenari si differenziano per velocità di ribaltamento e numero di pezzi in cui il Torrione viene fatto rompere all’impatto col terreno. Per ogni scenario, il codice viene usato per trovare diverse variabili, come la traiettoria del Torrione, la sua massima velocità, le distanze dai possibili bersagli sopra citati (tubazione del gas, elettrodotto etc.), eventuali velocità di impatto con i bersagli, distanza della posizione finale raggiunta dal corpo sommerso dalla linea di costa, il tempo che il corpo impiega a raggiungere una posizione stabile sul fondo, la variazione del livello del lago dovuta allo tsunami indotto dall’impatto col torrione, l’altezza di run-up etc. Il fronte d’onda si propaga fino agli estremi del dominio fluido, i cui lati hanno lunghezza di 1 km. Questo significa che l’onda può raggiungere i paesi vicini e anche il lato opposto del lago.
SPH modeling of the torrioni di Rialba landslide with impact with Lake Como and surface wave propagation
BALDINI, LARA MARTINA
2016/2017
Abstract
The Torrioni di Rialba are high rock cliffs located in Abbadia Lariana (province of Lecco, Italy). They mainly consist of a conglomeratic rock and they lay on a plastic claystone layer. This geological condition is not stable, since the plastic layer is subjected to lateral spread under the enormous weight of rigid rocks, which might eventually topple. In particular, one Torrione of 25×20×100 m3 is almost isolated from the other four ones, and it is subjected to frontal reduction due to karst phenomena. It represents a serious threaten for the surrounding areas, as its possible collapse would crash into a very congested national road and railway, a gas pipe, a power line and an ENEL power station. Moreover, this Torrione would fall into Lake Como, causing a tsunami, which would propagate reaching the neighbouring towns. The modelling reconstruction at the basis of the simulations of the present work is innovative, because it is 3D and considers the impact of Torrioni with the Lake, also in terms of surface wave propagation and dynamics of the submerged rock mass. According to our knowledge, this application might represent a first example on 3D numerical modelling of the toppling of a rock mass, its sliding along a slope and its interaction with a water body. The software used is SPHERA v.8.0 (RSE SpA), which is based on the SPH (“Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics”) method, which is a mesh-less CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technique. It has been applied in a peculiar case study involving two different stages: an aerial stage of the rock mass dynamics for the landslide modelling and a submerged stage for the Torrione impact with the free surface, its underwater dynamics and the surface wave propagation. This study deals with different collapse scenarios in landslide modelling to face the incertitude of the possible events. They differ for toppling velocities and number of parts into which the Torrione is broken at the impact with the terrain. For each of them, the above code is used to find out many variables, like the Torrione trajectory, its velocity at the impact with the Lake, its resultant force and torque, the distances from the potential targets above mentioned (gas pipe, power line…), eventual impact velocity at the target location, the distance from the shoreline of the final position reached by the submerged body, the time the body takes to reach a stable position on the bottom of the Lake, the Lake level variation due to the tsunami induced by the Torrione impact, the run-up height etc. The wave front propagates until the extremes of the fluid domain, whose sides have a length of 1 km. This means it could reach the neighbouring towns and also the other side of the Lake.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/134646