Plastic industry plays an important role in modern society, providing a wide variety of products for any kind of application. The abundance of plastic goods in the daily life results in an ever-increasing generation of wastes, whose presence in the environment could be damaging if not managed properly. Nowadays, the arising concern on the risks and potential damages on the environment associated to plastics has led to pursue more sustainable patterns both in product and waste management. Thus, in a context where concepts as “environmental sustainability” and “circular economy” are prevailing to the old -more impacting- management schemes, activities as material and energy recovery are playing a fundamental role. In particular, the material recovery, namely the recycling, represents a big challenge within the plastic industry: even though a lot of improvements have been done in technologies and strategies (e.g. integrated waste management system), the recycling may be not always the best efficient and convenient solution. Therefore, the present master thesis focuses on the topic of plastic recycling, choosing as example the recycling of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. The aim of the work is to investigate the best solution for PET bottle recycling from an environmental point of view. Thus, it is carried out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyse the potential environmental impacts generated by PET bottles throughout their entire life, comparing two different recycling scenarios: closed-loop recycling, i.e. bottle-to-bottle and the possibility of multiple recycling; and open-loop recycling, i.e. bottle-to-fibre. The analysis is performed for the two contexts of Lombardy region (Italy) and Denmark, in order to compare the different management systems. From a methodological point of view, the study has been supported by: a Material Flow Analysis (MFA), to investigate the potential multiple recycling loops within the two contexts; the use of two different approaches for the end-of-life modelling (i.e. the modelling of recycling), which are the System Expansion method with Substitution (SES) and the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF). In particular, when implementing the CFF, there were investigated: different ways of definition of the quality ratio, expressing the variation in the physical properties of the material during the recycling process; the applicability of the new Formula to the multiple-recycling case, representing a novelty within the methodology. The obtained results show that when preferring a recycling scenario with respect to another, it is important and necessary to state the reason, thus referring the impact category(ies) in which the chosen scenario is better. The life-cycle phases that contribute in relevant way to the final results are the “bottle production” and the “secondary production” ones: this last phase represents benefits to the systems and it strongly depends on the choice of modelling, i.e. on the selection of the dataset representing the avoided production of virgin material.
L’industria della plastica gioca un ruolo molto importante nella società moderna, offrendo una grande varietà di prodotti per qualsiasi applicazione. La grande quantità di prodotti plastici presenti nella vita quotidiana genera al tempo stesso un quantitativo di rifiuti sempre più in aumento, la cui presenza nell’ambiente può rappresentare un danno non indifferente. Al giorno d’oggi, la crescente preoccupazione riguardo ai danni causati dalla plastica sull’ambiente ha portato a ricercare modelli più sostenibili sia per la gestione dei prodotti in plastica, sia per la gestione dei suoi rifiuti. Da qui, operazioni come il recupero di materia e il recupero energetico giocano un ruolo fondamentale, specialmente in un contesto dove concetti come “sostenibilità ambientale” ed “economia circolare” predominano ormai sui vecchi -e più impattanti- schemi. In particolare, il recupero di materia, ovvero il riciclo, rappresenta una grande sfida all’interno dell’industria della plastica, dal momento che, nonostante i molti miglioramenti tecnologici e strategici (e.g. gestione integrata dei rifiuti), spesso non risulta la soluzione migliore sia dal punto di vista dell’efficienza che della convenienza economica. Pertanto, il presente lavoro di tesi magistrale s’incentra sul tema del riciclo della plastica, scegliendo quale elemento di studio il riciclo delle bottiglie in PET (polietilene tereftalato). L’obiettivo dello studio è quello di investigare la migliore soluzione per il riciclo delle bottiglie in PET da un punto di vista ambientale. È stata, quindi, condotta un’Analisi del ciclo di vita (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) al fine di analizzare i potenziali impatti ambientali generati dalle bottiglie in PET lungo tutta la loro vita, andando a confrontare due differenti scenari di riciclo: riciclo ad anello chiuso (closed-loop), ovvero da bottiglia-a-bottiglia e la possibilità di ricicli multipli; riciclo ad anello aperto (open-loop), ovvero da bottiglia-a-fibra. L’analisi è stata svolta nei due contesti della regione Lombardia (Italia) e Danimarca, al fine di confrontare i due differenti sistemi di gestione. Dal punto di vista metodologico, lo studio è stato supportato da un’Analisi di flusso di materia (Material Flow Analysis, MFA), al fine di investigare i potenziali multipli cicli di riciclo nei due contesti e dall’uso di due diverse metodologie per la modellizzazione del fine-vita (i.e. la modellizzazione del riciclo), che sono l’espansione dei confini del sistema tramite il metodo dei carichi evitati (System Expansion method with Substitution, SES) e la Circular Footprint Formula (CFF). In particolare, nell’utilizzo della CFF sono stati esaminati differenti possibilità di definizione del rapporto di qualità, che esprime la variazione delle proprietà fisiche del materiale durante il processo di riciclo; e l’applicabilità della nuova Formula al caso di riciclo multiplo, rappresentando una novità metodologica. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che nel momento in cui si predilige uno scenario di riciclo rispetto a un altro, è importante e necessario motivarne la ragione, ovvero riferire per quale/i categoria/e di impatto lo scenario scelto risulta essere il migliore. Inoltre, le fasi del ciclo di vita che contribuiscono maggiormente ai risultati finali sono “la produzione di bottiglie” e “la produzione secondaria”: in particolare, quest’ultima rappresenta i benefici del sistema e dipende fortemente da come viene modellizzata, cioè da quale dataset viene rappresentata la produzione evitata di materiale vergine.
Life cycle assessment of PET bottles : closed and open loop recycling in Denmark and Lombardy region
VALENTINO, GIULIA
2016/2017
Abstract
Plastic industry plays an important role in modern society, providing a wide variety of products for any kind of application. The abundance of plastic goods in the daily life results in an ever-increasing generation of wastes, whose presence in the environment could be damaging if not managed properly. Nowadays, the arising concern on the risks and potential damages on the environment associated to plastics has led to pursue more sustainable patterns both in product and waste management. Thus, in a context where concepts as “environmental sustainability” and “circular economy” are prevailing to the old -more impacting- management schemes, activities as material and energy recovery are playing a fundamental role. In particular, the material recovery, namely the recycling, represents a big challenge within the plastic industry: even though a lot of improvements have been done in technologies and strategies (e.g. integrated waste management system), the recycling may be not always the best efficient and convenient solution. Therefore, the present master thesis focuses on the topic of plastic recycling, choosing as example the recycling of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. The aim of the work is to investigate the best solution for PET bottle recycling from an environmental point of view. Thus, it is carried out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyse the potential environmental impacts generated by PET bottles throughout their entire life, comparing two different recycling scenarios: closed-loop recycling, i.e. bottle-to-bottle and the possibility of multiple recycling; and open-loop recycling, i.e. bottle-to-fibre. The analysis is performed for the two contexts of Lombardy region (Italy) and Denmark, in order to compare the different management systems. From a methodological point of view, the study has been supported by: a Material Flow Analysis (MFA), to investigate the potential multiple recycling loops within the two contexts; the use of two different approaches for the end-of-life modelling (i.e. the modelling of recycling), which are the System Expansion method with Substitution (SES) and the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF). In particular, when implementing the CFF, there were investigated: different ways of definition of the quality ratio, expressing the variation in the physical properties of the material during the recycling process; the applicability of the new Formula to the multiple-recycling case, representing a novelty within the methodology. The obtained results show that when preferring a recycling scenario with respect to another, it is important and necessary to state the reason, thus referring the impact category(ies) in which the chosen scenario is better. The life-cycle phases that contribute in relevant way to the final results are the “bottle production” and the “secondary production” ones: this last phase represents benefits to the systems and it strongly depends on the choice of modelling, i.e. on the selection of the dataset representing the avoided production of virgin material.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/136151