Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionise the organisation of all the activities carried out by firms. The growing diffusion of this technologies is increasingly challenging small and medium firms, as well as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs), to reinvent their business models. Since AM is forecasted to go mainstream within few years, many scholars argue on its effect on Global Value Chains (GVCs) too. Even if it has already disrupted industries like Aerospace, Automotive and Life Sciences, the lack of available data on the real worldwide diffusion of this technologies has precluded the possibility to study this phenomenon from an empirical standpoint, so far. This study investigates the AM technologies and their potential role within the current conversation in the International Business field, with a particular focus on its possible impact on GVCs. The first section of the work encompasses a rigorous review of the existing literature on both AM technologies, GVCs and the existing literature on the relationship between them. In order to test our theoretical hypothesis and to overcome the lack of diffusion data, the second part identifies a reliable proxy of AM adoption – i.e. patenting activity - and its country-level determinants. The third section of the dissertation develops an econometric model to examine the role of AM in influencing countries’ participation to GVCs. To do this, we rely on two measures of GVC participation: i) Domestic Value Added in Exports as a Share of a Country’s Exports; and ii) Share of Re-Exported Inputs on Total Imported Inputs; both tested using our AM adoption proxy and a set of GVC determinants. Our country-level analysis is focused on 3 specific industries, in 62 countries for the period 2000 – 2011. Our results contribute to the strand of literature supporting that AM fosters a country’s decreasing participation in GVCs. The empirical evidence suggests that this phenomenon is caused by a decreasing reliance on intermediates processed abroad, hence an increasing importance of domestic goods, manufactured via AM.
La Manifattura Additiva (MA) ha il potere di rivoluzionare l'organizzazione di tutte le attività svolte dalle imprese. La crescente diffusione di questo insieme di tecnologie sta spingendo sempre di più le piccole e medie imprese e le aziende multinazionali a reinventare i propri modelli di business. Dal momento che la MA diventerà una delle tecnologie di riferimento negli anni a venire, il suo impatto è destinato a ripercuotersi sulle Catene Globali del Valore (CGV). Anche se queste tecnologie hanno già profondamente cambiato settori come l'aerospaziale, l'automobilistico e le scienze sanitarie, la mancanza di dati disponibili sulla loro reale diffusione a livello mondiale ha fino ad ora precluso la possibilità di studiare questo fenomeno da un punto di vista empirico. Questo studio analizza le tecnologie additive e il loro ruolo all'interno dell'attuale dibattito nel campo dell’International Business e, in particolare, la loro influenza sulle CGV. La prima parte del lavoro comprende una rigorosa revisione della letteratura sia sulla tematica delle tecnologie additive, che su quella delle CGV. Al fine di far fronte alla mancanza di dati riguardanti la diffusione, la seconda parte identifica la produzione di brevetti come una proxy affidabile di adozione della MA, e individua le sue determinanti di paese. La terza parte di questo lavoro descrive un modello per analizzare l’influenza della MA sul livello di partecipazione dei paesi alle CGV. A questo scopo, vengono proposte due misure di partecipazione CGV: i) il valore-aggiunto nazionale nelle esportazioni come quota delle esportazioni di un paese; e ii) la quota di input riesportati sul totale degli input importati; entrambe testate usando la nostra proxy di adozione di MA e un set di determinanti delle CGV. L’ analisi si concentra su 3 settori specifici, in 62 paesi, per il periodo 2000 – 2011. I nostri risultati contribuiscono al filone della letteratura a sostegno dell’ipotesi secondo cui la MA favorisca la diminuzione della partecipazione di un paese alle CGV. Le evidenze empiriche suggeriscono che questo fenomeno è causato da una diminuzione della dipendenza da prodotti intermedi esteri, quindi da un crescente utilizzo di beni domestici, fabbricati tramite MA.
Additive manufacturing : determinants of adoption and effects on global value chain participation. A country-level analysis
LAMPERTI, FABIO;CAVEDAGNA, ALESSANDRO
2016/2017
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionise the organisation of all the activities carried out by firms. The growing diffusion of this technologies is increasingly challenging small and medium firms, as well as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs), to reinvent their business models. Since AM is forecasted to go mainstream within few years, many scholars argue on its effect on Global Value Chains (GVCs) too. Even if it has already disrupted industries like Aerospace, Automotive and Life Sciences, the lack of available data on the real worldwide diffusion of this technologies has precluded the possibility to study this phenomenon from an empirical standpoint, so far. This study investigates the AM technologies and their potential role within the current conversation in the International Business field, with a particular focus on its possible impact on GVCs. The first section of the work encompasses a rigorous review of the existing literature on both AM technologies, GVCs and the existing literature on the relationship between them. In order to test our theoretical hypothesis and to overcome the lack of diffusion data, the second part identifies a reliable proxy of AM adoption – i.e. patenting activity - and its country-level determinants. The third section of the dissertation develops an econometric model to examine the role of AM in influencing countries’ participation to GVCs. To do this, we rely on two measures of GVC participation: i) Domestic Value Added in Exports as a Share of a Country’s Exports; and ii) Share of Re-Exported Inputs on Total Imported Inputs; both tested using our AM adoption proxy and a set of GVC determinants. Our country-level analysis is focused on 3 specific industries, in 62 countries for the period 2000 – 2011. Our results contribute to the strand of literature supporting that AM fosters a country’s decreasing participation in GVCs. The empirical evidence suggests that this phenomenon is caused by a decreasing reliance on intermediates processed abroad, hence an increasing importance of domestic goods, manufactured via AM.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/136969