Since floating exchange rates were adopted, the debate about the effects of currency fluctuations became one of the main points on the agenda of academic researchers. Moreover, the emergence of Global Value Chains (GVCs) during ‘90s significantly contributed in increasing the complexity of the relationship between exchange rates, import prices and export competitiveness. Indeed, as foreign inputs are used in the production of exports, significant shares of costs are denominated in foreign currencies and therefore less responsive to domestic exchange rate variations. In this respect, the main objective of this thesis project is to understand whether exchange rates are now more, less or as relevant as before in affecting import prices and therefore export competitiveness in an environment characterized by GVCs. This effort is brought to practice from more than one perspective. As first, through an empirical study based on “classical” models for Exchange Rate Pass-Through (ERPT) on a dataset of five major European countries from 2005 to 2016, it was possible to estimate pass-through coefficients ranging between 15% - 22% at aggregate level and slightly higher at sectorial level, supporting existing studies in literature. In addition, combining the intuitions of two existing models, a generalized version of the latter is presented, with the aim of including the pricing behavior of producers positioned upstream in the value chain. The theoretical intuition suggests that considering such dimension would yield higher estimates of ERPT coefficient. Finally, introducing an index based on Value-Added measures from the TiVA database, some evidence of a bias in “classical” models for ERPT is presented and, in particular, the inverse correlation between import prices and the indicator introduced suggests an underestimation of pass-through coefficients.
Dal giorno in cui le maggiori economie mondiali adottarono un sistema caratterizzato da tassi di cambio variabili, lo studio degli effetti delle loro fluttuazioni è diventato un punto chiave sull’agenda dei ricercatori. Inoltre, lo sviluppo delle catene globali della produzione ha contribuito a complicare la relazione tra tassi di cambio, prezzi di import e la competitività interazionale dei prodotti esportati. Più nello specifico, la frammentazione internazionale della produzione porta le aziende ad utilizzare input esteri per produrre beni che vengono esportati. Di conseguenza, parte dei loro costi sono denominati in valute estere e per questo meno sensibili a fluttuazioni della moneta locale. Da questo punto di vista, l’obiettivo primario di questo progetto di tesi è quello di capire se i tassi di cambio siano diventati più, meno o ugualmente rilevanti nell’influenzare i prezzi di import e la competitività sui mercati internazionali in un mondo caratterizzato dalle catene globali della produzione. Questo obiettivo è perseguito da più punti di vista. In primo luogo, svolgendo una analisi empirica su cinque dei principali paesi europei e utilizzando un modello “classico” per stimare l’elasticità dei prezzi di import alle variazioni del tasso di cambio (ERPT), vengono calcolati coefficienti tra il 15% e il 22% a livello aggregato e leggermente superiori a livello settoriale. Inoltre, combinando le intuizioni di modelli presenti nella letteratura, viene proposta la versione generalizzata di uno di essi, con l’obiettivo di introdurre il comportamento dei produttori che si trovano più a monte nelle catene globali. Il modello stesso suggerisce che tanto più questi produttori tendono ad assorbire le variazioni sfavorevoli dei tassi di cambio abbassando il proprio margine, tanto più il coefficiente di ERPT sarà maggiore. Infine, introducendo un indice basato su indicatori presenti nel database TiVA, vengono presentate alcune evidenze di come i modelli classici che non considerano la frammentazione internazionale della produzione tendano a produrre risultati inesatti, sottostimando l’ERPT.
Exchange rates and export competitiveness with global value chains
SAETTI, EUGENIO
2017/2018
Abstract
Since floating exchange rates were adopted, the debate about the effects of currency fluctuations became one of the main points on the agenda of academic researchers. Moreover, the emergence of Global Value Chains (GVCs) during ‘90s significantly contributed in increasing the complexity of the relationship between exchange rates, import prices and export competitiveness. Indeed, as foreign inputs are used in the production of exports, significant shares of costs are denominated in foreign currencies and therefore less responsive to domestic exchange rate variations. In this respect, the main objective of this thesis project is to understand whether exchange rates are now more, less or as relevant as before in affecting import prices and therefore export competitiveness in an environment characterized by GVCs. This effort is brought to practice from more than one perspective. As first, through an empirical study based on “classical” models for Exchange Rate Pass-Through (ERPT) on a dataset of five major European countries from 2005 to 2016, it was possible to estimate pass-through coefficients ranging between 15% - 22% at aggregate level and slightly higher at sectorial level, supporting existing studies in literature. In addition, combining the intuitions of two existing models, a generalized version of the latter is presented, with the aim of including the pricing behavior of producers positioned upstream in the value chain. The theoretical intuition suggests that considering such dimension would yield higher estimates of ERPT coefficient. Finally, introducing an index based on Value-Added measures from the TiVA database, some evidence of a bias in “classical” models for ERPT is presented and, in particular, the inverse correlation between import prices and the indicator introduced suggests an underestimation of pass-through coefficients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Saetti_Dec.17.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/136985