Sustainability in the agri-food sector is key in the global development context defined by the Agenda 2030 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The presence of nutritional, economic, and environmental goals, which are all directly or indirectly interlinked and are often conflicting, makes food systems complex and further challenges our capacity to achieve overall sustainability standards. Moreover, promising approaches to increase agri-food sustainability, such as agroecology and multi-functional agriculture, highly differ from the currently widespread intensive agricultural practices based on monoculture, both for planning and management choices. Appropriate mathematical tools and quantitative assessment methods are needed to explore the complexity of agricultural systems, and ultimately support actors in the food sector in the transition towards more sustainable agri-food practices via informed decisions. This being the context, the goal of this thesis is the design of quantitative tools to support farmers, farmers’ associations, NGOs, and other actors and decision makers in the agri-food sector to develop more sustainable agricultural systems, with a focus on multi-species agroecosystems. The work carried out during this research has been divided into three stages, ranging from knowledge acquisition to the optimized design of agroecosystems. The first step is two-fold: it includes (i) understanding the predominant biophysical components and processes of an agroecosystem, and (ii) developing a mathematical model of the system. The second step consists in the investigation of the sustainability concept, and of how it can be put into operation to assess agroecosystems. Finally, the last step aims at integrating models and sustainability assessments into an optimization problem to provide a decision support tool to help develop ’more’ sustainable agroecosystems. The first outcome of this thesis is a crop dynamic model that simulates agroecosystems, including mechanisms of competition for limited resources, and it is flexible enough to describe both monoculture and multi-species systems. The development process behind the model and the model itself allowed to understand the functioning of agroecosystems and highlight the main processes and components involved. It ultimately aims to support the comparison of alternative agroecosystems, characterized by different species composition and biodiversity levels (e.g., monoculture vs. agro-forestry) from an ecosystem services perspective. Secondly, we develop a comprehensive and multi-spatial scale sustainability assessment framework for agricultural systems, including a set of quantitative indicators covering the three dimensions of sustainability (i.e., environmental, economic, and social one, the latter being focused on nutrition), and we test it onto the assessment of domestic food production in the Gaza Strip. The framework definition and its application supported the understanding of how the sustainability concept can be put into operation to quantitatively assess food systems. Focusing on the environmental sphere of sustainability, we investigated how the consumption and depletion of natural resources, the impacts on the environment and on the functioning of ecosystems due to food production can be assessed through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Ecosystem Services (ESs) Assessment methods. On the one hand, the application of LCA to study food supply chains allowed to highlight the potential importance of the agricultural phase within the environmental profile of food products. On the other hand, it emerged the high variability of environmental impacts brought by alternative agroecosystems. From the analysis of material and energy balances at the base of LCA we move then to the ESs assessment, which emphasizes the agroecosystems composition and functions, and their link with ESs, and allows us to better understand the relation between agroecosystem functioning and environmental sustainability and to increase the comprehensiveness of our assessment. In this direction, we propose and test two methodologies for the assessment of climate and water regulation services of agroecosystems, and apply the dynamic crop model previously developed to assess and compare monoculture against multi-species agroecosystems in terms of major ecosystem services, e.g., climate and nutrient regulation. The last outcome of this thesis is a decision support tool for the design of sustainable multi-species agroecosystems, obtained from the integration of agroecosystem simulation models and sustainability assessments into an optimization problem. Its formulation, implementation, and application allowed (i) to understand the link between species composition of agroecosystems and sustainability performances, (ii) to investigate conflicts and synergies between the considered (sustainability) objectives, and (iii) to highlight the main methodological challenges in the development of such tools linked to lack of proper data, time horizon, and objective function selection. The work included in this thesis contributed to put the sustainability concept into operation within the agri-food sector through both the definition of general and widely applicable indicators and specific mathematical models and frameworks, and the application of all the developed tools to real-world case studies in the Amazon basin (e.g., Peru and Brazil) and in the Gaza Strip demonstrated how comprehensive and quantitative assessments can effectively support informed development of sustainable agroecosystems. Part of this research has appeared (or has to appear) in the following publications: • Recanati, F., Castelletti, A., Dotelli, G., Melià, P., 2017. Trading off natural resources and rural livelihoods. a framework for sustainability assessment of small-scale food production in waterlimited regions. Advances in Water Resources, in press; • Recanati, F., Marveggio, D., Dotelli, G., 2018a. From beans to bar: A life cycle assessment towards sustainable chocolate supply chain. Science of The Total Environment, in press; • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., 2018b. An optimization framework for the planning of agro-ecosystems: an application to the regeneration of deforested lands. Ecological Engineering (submitted); • Guariso, G., Recanati, F., 2016. Assessing crop portfolios: Diversification versus monoculture for biodiesel. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016); • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., Saini, M., Mendoza, S. V., 2016. Planning complex agro-ecosystems: The case of analog forestry. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016).
La sostenibilità del sistema agro-alimentare è centrale nel contesto dello sviluppo sostenibile definito dall’agenda 2030 e dai 17 obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile (o Sustainable Development Goals). La presenza congiunta di obiettivi nutrizionale, economici e ambientali, spesso conflittuali e direttamente o indirettamente interconnessi e spesso, rende il sistema alimentare complesso e mette alla prova la nostra capacità di raggiungere un sistema complessivamente sostenibile. Inoltre, pratiche e approcci agricoli che sembrano promettenti in un’ottica di sostenibilità, come l’agroecologia e l’agricoltura multifunzionale, si differenziano molto in termini di pianificazione e gestione dalla odierna agricoltura fortemente basata sulla monocoltura intensiva. Adeguati strumenti matematici e valutazioni quantitative sono quindi fondamentali per esplorare la complessità del sistema agroalimentare e supportare con decisioni consapevoli gli attori di tale settore nella transizione verso pratiche più sostenibili. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone, quindi, di definire strumenti quantitativi che possano supportare gli agricoltori, le associazioni, le ONG e i diversi attori del settore agroalimentare nello sviluppo di sistemi agricoli più sostenibili. Particolare attenzione sarà posta sui sistemi agricoli multi-specie. Il documento è strutturato in tre parti principali, che spaziano dalla pura acquisizione di conoscenza e analisi della letteratura alla progettazione ottimizzata di agroecosistemi. La prima parte ha un doppio scopo: essa include (i) l’analisi e la comprensione dei principali componenti e processi biofisici e (ii) lo sviluppo di modelli matematici di agroecosistemi. La seconda parte riguarda l’analisi del concetto di sostenibilità e del come esso possa essere messo in pratica per supportare la valutazione dei sistemi agricoli. Infine, l’ultima fase ha lo scopo di sviluppare un problema di ottimizzazione tramite l’integrazione di modelli matematici e valutazioni di sostenibilità e con lo scopo di supportare il processo di decisione alla base dello sviluppo di sistemi agricoli più sostenibili. Il primo risultato di questa tesi consiste in un modello dinamico che simula la crescita di diverse tipologie di sistemi agricoli tenendo conto dei meccanismi di competizione per le risorse. Il processo di sviluppo e il modello stesso hanno supportato la comprensione del funzionamento degli agroecosistemi e hanno permesso di mettere in evidenza i principali componenti e processi coinvolti. Lo scopo finale ti tale modello matematico è il confronto quantitativo di sistemi agricoli alternativi, caratterizzati da diverse composizioni in termini di specie e quindi da diversi livelli di biodiversità (ad es. monocoltura vs. sistemi agroforestali) in un’ottica di servizi ecosistemici. In secondo luogo, è stata sviluppata una metodologia completa e multispaziale per la valutazione di sostenibilità dei sistemi agro-alimentari. Tale framework include una serie di indicatori quantitativi riguaradnti le tre dimensioni della sostenibilità (ovvero la dimensione ambientale, quella economica e quella sociale, quest’ultima focalizzata sugli aspetti nutrizionali). Tale metodologia è stata applicata per valutare la sostenibilità della produzione domestica di cibo nella Striscia di Gaza. La definizione e l’applicazione di tale metodologia ha supportato la comprensione delle modalità di traduzione del concetto di sostenibilità in termini quantitativi e pratici nel contesto agroalimentare. Conseguentemente, è stato effettuato un approfondimento sulla sola sfera ambientale della sostenibilità. In particolare, abbiamo investigato come il consumo e il depauperamento delle risorse naturali, e gli impatti sull’ambiente e sul funzionamento degli ecosistemi dovuto alla produzione di cibo possa essere valutato tramite la metodologia di Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) e la valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici (ESs). Nel primo caso, l’applicazione della metodologia LCA allo studio delle filiere agro-alimentari ha permesso di evidenziare, in primo luogo, il potenziale contributo della fase agricola all’interno dei profili ambientali dei prodotti alimentari, e in secondo luogo, dell’alta variabilità di tale contributo a seconda dell’agroecosistema coinvolto. Dall’analisi dei bilanci di materia ed energia alla base della LCA, ci si è spostati alla valutazione dei ESs, che mette invece l’accento sulla composizione e funzionamento degli ecosistemi, e sulla loro relazione con i servizi ecosistemici. Tale analisi ci ha permesso di comprendere meglio la relazione tra il funzionamento degli agroecosistemi e la sostenibilità ambientale e di incrementare la prospettiva dell’analisi svolta. A tal proposito, sono state proposte e testate due metodologie per la valutazione dei servizi di regolazione del clima e dell’acqua da parte degli agroecosistemi, e infine è stato applicato il modello sviluppato della prima parte della tesi con lo scopo di valutare e confrontare monocolture e agroecosistemi multispecie in termini di principali servizi ecosistemici. L’ultimo contributo prodotto dalla presente tesi consiste in uno strumento di supporto alle decisioni alla base della progettazione di agroecosistemi, ottenuto con l’integrazione di modelli matematici per la simulazione di sistemi agricoli e framework di valutazione in un problema di ottimizzazione. La formulazione e l’applicazione ha permesso di (i) comprendere la relazione tra la composizione degli agroecosistemi e le relative performance in termini di sostenibilità, (ii) di investigare possibili conflitti e sinergie tra gli obiettivi considerati e (iii) di individuare le principali sfide metodologiche per lo sviluppo di tali strumenti legate alla mancanza di dati adeguati, orizzonte temporale e scelta delle funzioni obiettivo. Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi ha contribuito ha rendere operativo e pratico il concetto di sostenibilità a servizio della valutazione quantitativa dei sistemi agro-alimentari attraverso la definizione di indicatori largamente applicabili, specifici modelli matematici e metodologie di valutazione. Tale contributo metodologico insieme all’applicazione degli strumenti sviluppati a casi di studio reali nel contesto Amazzonico e nella Striscia di Gaza ha dimostrato l’efficacia di valutazioni quantitative e multi-criteriali nel supportare decisioni consapevoli alla base dello sviluppo di agroecosistemi sostenibili. Parte della ricerca presentata in questa tesi appare (o apparirà prossimamente) nelle seguenti pubblicazioni scientifiche: • Recanati, F., Castelletti, A., Dotelli, G., Melià, P., 2017. Trading off natural resources and rural livelihoods. a framework for sustainability assessment of small-scale food production in waterlimited regions. Advances in Water Resources, in press; • Recanati, F., Marveggio, D., Dotelli, G., 2018a. From beans to bar: A life cycle assessment towards sustainable chocolate supply chain. Science of The Total Environment, in press; • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., 2018b. An optimization framework for the planning of agro-ecosystems: an application to the regeneration of deforested lands. Ecological Engineering (submitted); • Guariso, G., Recanati, F., 2016. Assessing crop portfolios: Diversification versus monoculture for biodiesel. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016); • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., Saini, M., Mendoza, S. V., 2016. Planning complex agro-ecosystems: The case of analog forestry. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016).
Sustainable design and management of agroecosystems. Integrating ecological models and optimization techniques to support decision-making
RECANATI, FRANCESCA
Abstract
Sustainability in the agri-food sector is key in the global development context defined by the Agenda 2030 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The presence of nutritional, economic, and environmental goals, which are all directly or indirectly interlinked and are often conflicting, makes food systems complex and further challenges our capacity to achieve overall sustainability standards. Moreover, promising approaches to increase agri-food sustainability, such as agroecology and multi-functional agriculture, highly differ from the currently widespread intensive agricultural practices based on monoculture, both for planning and management choices. Appropriate mathematical tools and quantitative assessment methods are needed to explore the complexity of agricultural systems, and ultimately support actors in the food sector in the transition towards more sustainable agri-food practices via informed decisions. This being the context, the goal of this thesis is the design of quantitative tools to support farmers, farmers’ associations, NGOs, and other actors and decision makers in the agri-food sector to develop more sustainable agricultural systems, with a focus on multi-species agroecosystems. The work carried out during this research has been divided into three stages, ranging from knowledge acquisition to the optimized design of agroecosystems. The first step is two-fold: it includes (i) understanding the predominant biophysical components and processes of an agroecosystem, and (ii) developing a mathematical model of the system. The second step consists in the investigation of the sustainability concept, and of how it can be put into operation to assess agroecosystems. Finally, the last step aims at integrating models and sustainability assessments into an optimization problem to provide a decision support tool to help develop ’more’ sustainable agroecosystems. The first outcome of this thesis is a crop dynamic model that simulates agroecosystems, including mechanisms of competition for limited resources, and it is flexible enough to describe both monoculture and multi-species systems. The development process behind the model and the model itself allowed to understand the functioning of agroecosystems and highlight the main processes and components involved. It ultimately aims to support the comparison of alternative agroecosystems, characterized by different species composition and biodiversity levels (e.g., monoculture vs. agro-forestry) from an ecosystem services perspective. Secondly, we develop a comprehensive and multi-spatial scale sustainability assessment framework for agricultural systems, including a set of quantitative indicators covering the three dimensions of sustainability (i.e., environmental, economic, and social one, the latter being focused on nutrition), and we test it onto the assessment of domestic food production in the Gaza Strip. The framework definition and its application supported the understanding of how the sustainability concept can be put into operation to quantitatively assess food systems. Focusing on the environmental sphere of sustainability, we investigated how the consumption and depletion of natural resources, the impacts on the environment and on the functioning of ecosystems due to food production can be assessed through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Ecosystem Services (ESs) Assessment methods. On the one hand, the application of LCA to study food supply chains allowed to highlight the potential importance of the agricultural phase within the environmental profile of food products. On the other hand, it emerged the high variability of environmental impacts brought by alternative agroecosystems. From the analysis of material and energy balances at the base of LCA we move then to the ESs assessment, which emphasizes the agroecosystems composition and functions, and their link with ESs, and allows us to better understand the relation between agroecosystem functioning and environmental sustainability and to increase the comprehensiveness of our assessment. In this direction, we propose and test two methodologies for the assessment of climate and water regulation services of agroecosystems, and apply the dynamic crop model previously developed to assess and compare monoculture against multi-species agroecosystems in terms of major ecosystem services, e.g., climate and nutrient regulation. The last outcome of this thesis is a decision support tool for the design of sustainable multi-species agroecosystems, obtained from the integration of agroecosystem simulation models and sustainability assessments into an optimization problem. Its formulation, implementation, and application allowed (i) to understand the link between species composition of agroecosystems and sustainability performances, (ii) to investigate conflicts and synergies between the considered (sustainability) objectives, and (iii) to highlight the main methodological challenges in the development of such tools linked to lack of proper data, time horizon, and objective function selection. The work included in this thesis contributed to put the sustainability concept into operation within the agri-food sector through both the definition of general and widely applicable indicators and specific mathematical models and frameworks, and the application of all the developed tools to real-world case studies in the Amazon basin (e.g., Peru and Brazil) and in the Gaza Strip demonstrated how comprehensive and quantitative assessments can effectively support informed development of sustainable agroecosystems. Part of this research has appeared (or has to appear) in the following publications: • Recanati, F., Castelletti, A., Dotelli, G., Melià, P., 2017. Trading off natural resources and rural livelihoods. a framework for sustainability assessment of small-scale food production in waterlimited regions. Advances in Water Resources, in press; • Recanati, F., Marveggio, D., Dotelli, G., 2018a. From beans to bar: A life cycle assessment towards sustainable chocolate supply chain. Science of The Total Environment, in press; • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., 2018b. An optimization framework for the planning of agro-ecosystems: an application to the regeneration of deforested lands. Ecological Engineering (submitted); • Guariso, G., Recanati, F., 2016. Assessing crop portfolios: Diversification versus monoculture for biodiesel. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016); • Recanati, F., Guariso, G., Saini, M., Mendoza, S. V., 2016. Planning complex agro-ecosystems: The case of analog forestry. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software (iEMSs 2016).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137077