This thesis focuses on the design of a test bench to perform firing tests of a vortex flow pancake (VFP) hybrid rocket motor. The VFP is a non-conventional, compact motor configuration featuring length to diameter ratio (L/D) lower than 1. In the motor a vortex flow injection grants high fuel/oxidizer mixing thus promising high combustion efficiencies. Due to its peculiar design, it is an attractive solution for several emerging in-space applications This discloses attractive opportunities for an exploitation of hybrid rocket motors in the in-space scenario, in light of their advantages as reduced recurring cost, simplicity and operating flexibility. The test bed was developed to easily accommodate the SPLab VFP motor. In addition to this, the work includes the design and implementation of a water cooled nozzle granting long burning times for the heavy-weight prototype of the motor. The test bench is remotely operated. The sensors integrated in the implemented facility include: a digital flowmeter for oxidizer mass flow rate control, a pressure transducer, and a (low-cost) load-cell for thrust measurement implemented by Arduino components. The load cell implementation was characterized by testing it under different quasi-steady operations. Combustion tests were performed to investigate the VFP ballistics. Five different runs were performed on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) burning it under gaseous oxygen with oxidizer mass flow rate m_ox of 4 g/s. A TOT data reduction approach was applied, based on the weight change of the VFP before and after each firing. An average combustion efficiency of 90\% was obtained in the runs. The water-cooled nozzle featured no throat erosion, or damages due to the high temperature of the exhaust gases, thus testifying the effectiveness of the cooling system.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si concentra sulla progettazione di un banco di prova per eseguire test di un motore ibrido: il vortex flow pancake (VFP). Il VFP ha una configurazione non convenzionale e compatta, caratterizzato da una geometria con un rapporto lunghezza/diametro (L/D) minore di uno. Nel motore, l’ossidante viene iniettato tangenzialmente, generando l’insorgenza di un vortice che garantisce una elevata miscolazione di combustibile/ossidante che se traduce in una elevata efficienza di combustione. Il VFP è una soluzione attraente per alcuni missioni spaziali della attualità. Sfruttando i suoi vantaggi come sono: costo ridotto, semplicità e flessibilità operativa. Il banco di prova è stato progettato per istallare facilmente il motore VFP del SPLab. Inoltre, è stato disegnato il sistema di raffreddamento attivo per il ugello, che garantisce prove di combustione più lunghe su questo motore prototipo. Il banco di prova è gestito remotamente. I sensori integrati nella struttura comprendono: un flussometro digitale per il controllo della portata massica dell'ossidante, un trasduttore di pressione e una cella di carico (low cost) per la misurazione della spinta, operata con Arduino. La cella di carico è stata caratterizzata facendo diverse prove quasi stazionarie. Inoltre, sono state effettuate prove a fuoco con polibutadiene a terminazione idrossilica (HTPB) come combustibile, e ossigeno gassoso, come ossidante. Cinque test sono stati eseguiti in condizioni operative quasi stazionarie, con portata massica di combustibile $\dot{{m}}_{ox}= \SI{4}{g/s}$. I dati balistici sono stati ridotti mediante un approccio di tipo spessore su tempo (TOT), basandosi sul peso dei grani del VFP prima e dopo ogni prova a fuoco. Una efficienza di combustione del 90\% stata ottenuta durante queste prove. L'ugello raffreddato ad acqua non presentava erosioni alla gola, né danni dovuti all'elevata temperatura, confermando l'efficacia del sistema di raffreddamento.
Design of a test bench for firing tests of a lab-scale hybrid rocket engine
DI CICCO, MARIO ALBERTO
2016/2017
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the design of a test bench to perform firing tests of a vortex flow pancake (VFP) hybrid rocket motor. The VFP is a non-conventional, compact motor configuration featuring length to diameter ratio (L/D) lower than 1. In the motor a vortex flow injection grants high fuel/oxidizer mixing thus promising high combustion efficiencies. Due to its peculiar design, it is an attractive solution for several emerging in-space applications This discloses attractive opportunities for an exploitation of hybrid rocket motors in the in-space scenario, in light of their advantages as reduced recurring cost, simplicity and operating flexibility. The test bed was developed to easily accommodate the SPLab VFP motor. In addition to this, the work includes the design and implementation of a water cooled nozzle granting long burning times for the heavy-weight prototype of the motor. The test bench is remotely operated. The sensors integrated in the implemented facility include: a digital flowmeter for oxidizer mass flow rate control, a pressure transducer, and a (low-cost) load-cell for thrust measurement implemented by Arduino components. The load cell implementation was characterized by testing it under different quasi-steady operations. Combustion tests were performed to investigate the VFP ballistics. Five different runs were performed on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) burning it under gaseous oxygen with oxidizer mass flow rate m_ox of 4 g/s. A TOT data reduction approach was applied, based on the weight change of the VFP before and after each firing. An average combustion efficiency of 90\% was obtained in the runs. The water-cooled nozzle featured no throat erosion, or damages due to the high temperature of the exhaust gases, thus testifying the effectiveness of the cooling system.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137344