The objective of this work is the development and the application of an annular reactor for operando Raman analysis, i.e. Raman analysis under operative conditions. Such a configuration permits a simultaneous analysis of the performance of the catalyst, in terms of conversion and selectivity, together with an investigation of the structure of the solid catalyst. By using an annular reactor, it is possible to overcome the typical drawbacks of a laboratory scale reactor like high pressure drops or undistinguishable signal under ultra-diluted conditions. The annular reactor can provide fundamental information also regarding the kinetics of the investigated reactions under high flowrates, i.e. short residence time. It also avoids the occurrence of heat and mass transfer limitations. Ultimately, this innovative configuration would provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between the phenomena on the catalytic surface and the mechanism of the chemical reactions. First, an overview of the first attempts for operando Raman cells found in literature is provided. Then the spectroscopic technique is described. Afterwards, the previous design and modelling processes, required for the realisation of the rig developed in previous thesis, are briefly described. In our work, the original plant has been furtherly improved (e.g. installation of a micro GC, use of two heating tapes, 3 dimensions motorized stage, internal reference method) as confirmed by the experimental tests carried out for partial oxidation and dry reforming reactions of methane. These tests proved that our operando Raman cell is able to reproduce the activity of a traditional reactor. Analysis of the spectra obtained after high temperature methane cracking confirms the possibility of our rig to observe the peaks related to the formation of carbonaceous species on the catalyst and the following removal by oxidation. In order to obtain not only qualitative but also quantitative information, a new catalyst has been prepared with the addition of titania. Referring to the internal standard method, already known in literature, this material could act as reference to quantify the carbon deposited. 7 Lastly, we studied the kinetic mechanism for the dry reforming process, already widely investigated in literature only with traditional reactors. The mechanistic scheme, confirmed by several experimental tests, suggests a series of dehydrogenations of the hydrocarbon until the formation of a Carbon atom on the surface of the catalyst. This slow process is accompanied by an oxidative pathway for CO2 thus generating OH which can oxidize the deposited C atoms leading to CO and H2. The new configuration here proposed is able to confirm and prove the carbon deposit formation by varying the concentration of the oxidative co-reactant when the oxidative pathway is no more equilibrated, but it becomes the rate determining step. In this work, the breakthrough potential of the operando Raman annular reactor has been demonstrated. It represents a promising tool for a deeper understanding of the phenomena characterizing the heterogeneous catalysis through a concomitant analysis both of the reaction products and of the catalytic surface.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è lo sviluppo e l’uso di un reattore anulare per analisi Raman in operando. Tale configurazione permette una simultanea analisi sia delle prestazioni del catalizzatore, in termini di conversione e selettività, sia della struttura del catalizzatore solido. Utilizzando un reattore anulare è possibile ovviare ai normali aspetti negativi di un reattore di laboratorio, quali grosse perdite di carico o segnali Raman troppo deboli a causa di diluizioni molto spinte. Il reattore anulare può fornire informazioni fondamentali riguardo la cinetica delle reazioni investigate ad elevate portate, i.e. brevi tempi di residenza. Esso evita, inoltre, limitazioni dovute a fenomeni diffusivi di materia e di calore. In definitiva, questa configurazione innovativa permetterebbe di raggiungere una profonda conoscenza della relazione tra i fenomeni sulla superficie del catalizzatore e il meccanismo della reazione chimica. Innanzitutto viene presentata una panoramica delle prime celle spettroscopiche Raman in operando disponibili in letteratura, poi viene descritta la tecnica spettroscopica stessa. Successivamente è brevemente descritto il lavoro di progettazione e modellazione richiesto per la realizzazione dell’impianto sviluppato in un lavoro di tesi precedente. Nel nostro lavoro l’impianto originale ha subito ulteriori miglioramenti (es. installazione di un micro GC, l’uso di due calze, uno stage motorizzato e un riferimento interno), come confermato dalle prove sperimentali svolte sulle reazioni prototipo di CPO e dry reforming del metano. Questi test provano che la nostra cella operando Raman è in grado di replicare le prestazioni di un reattore tradizionale. Le analisi degli spettri ottenuti durante la reazione di cracking del metano ad elevata temperatura, confermano la possibilità di osservare i picchi dovuti alla formazione di specie carboniose sul catalizzatore e la seguente rimozione tramite ossidazione. Al fine di ottenere informazioni non solo qualitative ma anche quantitative, è stato preparato un nuovo catalizzatore con aggiunta di titania. Rifacendosi al metodo dello 9 standard interno già noto in letteratura, questo materiale può fungere da riferimento per quantificare il carbonio formatosi. Infine si studia il meccanismo cinetico del processo di dry reforming, anch’esso già ampliamente trattato in letteratura solamente con reattori tradizionali. Lo schema meccanicistico, opportunamente supportato da numerose prove sperimentali, propone una deidrogenazione dell’idrocarburo fino al deposito di carbonio sul catalizzatore stesso. Questo processo, lento, è affiancato da uno ramo ossidativo di CO2 che genera l’ossidrile in grado di ossidare il carbonio formando CO e H2. La nuova configurazione proposta è in grado di comprovare la formazione di depositi carboniosi al variare della concentrazione di co-reagente quando il ramo ossidativo non è più equilibrato ma assume il ruolo di processo limitante. Si dimostra il dirompente potenziale del reattore anulare con operando Raman, che rappresenta un promettente strumento per una più profonda comprensione dei fenomeni che caratterizzano la catalisi eterogenea attraverso una concomitante analisi sia dei prodotti di reazione sia delle superficie del catalizzatore.
Optimization and testing of an operando Raman annular reactor for kinetic studies in heterogeneous catalysis
VOLONTÈ, ANDREA;DISCACCIATI, FILIPPO
2016/2017
Abstract
The objective of this work is the development and the application of an annular reactor for operando Raman analysis, i.e. Raman analysis under operative conditions. Such a configuration permits a simultaneous analysis of the performance of the catalyst, in terms of conversion and selectivity, together with an investigation of the structure of the solid catalyst. By using an annular reactor, it is possible to overcome the typical drawbacks of a laboratory scale reactor like high pressure drops or undistinguishable signal under ultra-diluted conditions. The annular reactor can provide fundamental information also regarding the kinetics of the investigated reactions under high flowrates, i.e. short residence time. It also avoids the occurrence of heat and mass transfer limitations. Ultimately, this innovative configuration would provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between the phenomena on the catalytic surface and the mechanism of the chemical reactions. First, an overview of the first attempts for operando Raman cells found in literature is provided. Then the spectroscopic technique is described. Afterwards, the previous design and modelling processes, required for the realisation of the rig developed in previous thesis, are briefly described. In our work, the original plant has been furtherly improved (e.g. installation of a micro GC, use of two heating tapes, 3 dimensions motorized stage, internal reference method) as confirmed by the experimental tests carried out for partial oxidation and dry reforming reactions of methane. These tests proved that our operando Raman cell is able to reproduce the activity of a traditional reactor. Analysis of the spectra obtained after high temperature methane cracking confirms the possibility of our rig to observe the peaks related to the formation of carbonaceous species on the catalyst and the following removal by oxidation. In order to obtain not only qualitative but also quantitative information, a new catalyst has been prepared with the addition of titania. Referring to the internal standard method, already known in literature, this material could act as reference to quantify the carbon deposited. 7 Lastly, we studied the kinetic mechanism for the dry reforming process, already widely investigated in literature only with traditional reactors. The mechanistic scheme, confirmed by several experimental tests, suggests a series of dehydrogenations of the hydrocarbon until the formation of a Carbon atom on the surface of the catalyst. This slow process is accompanied by an oxidative pathway for CO2 thus generating OH which can oxidize the deposited C atoms leading to CO and H2. The new configuration here proposed is able to confirm and prove the carbon deposit formation by varying the concentration of the oxidative co-reactant when the oxidative pathway is no more equilibrated, but it becomes the rate determining step. In this work, the breakthrough potential of the operando Raman annular reactor has been demonstrated. It represents a promising tool for a deeper understanding of the phenomena characterizing the heterogeneous catalysis through a concomitant analysis both of the reaction products and of the catalytic surface.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137423