The Republic of Genoa has established many commercial colonies all along from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea during the Late Medieval Period after some concessions. At the same time, the noble Genoese family of Gattilusio has acquired the control of significant possessions in the North Aegean from the Byzantines, established two family lordships there and slightly expanded their lands over time. Correspondingly, both periods have left some traces with different characteristics on palimpsests of the built heritage in those possessions. Existing buildings and urban patterns from older periods together with local construction materials and techniques in those areas can be counted as the most significant factors during the Genoese constructions, which can be revealed through historical documents, architectural investigations and comparisons between different built heritage. In fact, the nature of the architectural heritage in Turkey and specifically Istanbul, being the former Constantinople was already consisted of many historical layers from different civilizations and cultures. Like how the Genoese have took control of the aforementioned colonial territories and family possessions from a former civilization, their presence was not everlasting as well, so architectural layers added during the Genoese period have also become a part of the palimpsest and started to remain behind the ones coming afterwards. Yet, they did not remain the same through centuries and either completely disappeared or heavily altered until modern times by successor civilizations, mainly the Ottomans. The overlapping of several different urban and architectural layers can be interpreted as an enriched built heritage but the exact contribution of the Genoese in between is an issue needs to be explained in greater detail. A possible influence of the Genoese on later period buildings is another important issue, which was already questioned in some studies. When the Aegean and Euxine possessions gradually felt into the Ottoman hands in the 15th century, the Genoese colonial period has came to an end together with family lordships of Gattilusio. Much later, when the Ottoman Empire has continued to dissolve in the 19th century, those former Genoese settlements were also started to remain inside the borders of different countries one by one. For the ones in Asia Minor and Thrace, basically being the geographical and political limits of the modern day Turkey, it can be said that there is a disconnection between their identity and where they originally belong to. Furthermore, devastations of modern times slowly and ultimately covered them together with other parts of palimpsests, due to either necessities of growing cities or potential ideological reasons. Thus, an inventory study with an architectural point of view but naturally supported by other disciplines is necessary. The main reason of it can be explained that available sources about the built heritage of the Genoese in their former colonies remaining inside Turkey lack such a perspective and detailed study. Galata (Pera) in Constantinople, now Istanbul was one of the most prominent colonial possessions of the Genoese, which mainly had consecutive Byzantine, Genoese and Ottoman / Turkish periods, respectively. For this reason, apart from other possible Genoese architectural heritage in the Aegean and Black Sea coasts of Turkey, it was handled with a greater depth and comparisons for their physical characteristics to demonstrate hybrid constructions with noteworthy traces from the Genoese. Multilayered character of the city needs to be observed and displayed in detail for a true identity despite the difficulties of taking any actions in terms of preservation of the architectural heritage. After giving a brief overview in the first chapter, the second chapter of this study specifically deals with Galata and its built heritage from the Genoese, supported with related details from other eras. The third chapter focuses on all the former colonial settlements of the Genoese remaining inside Turkey, together with their brief histories and the Genoese constructions there. In the last chapter, conservation problems of some case studies in Galata were handled with respect to national and international perspectives in terms of identity, legislation and the way of approach. Recent attempts in order to designate some fortified settlements on commercial routes of the Genoese, now remaining inside Turkey as world heritage were also criticized through the study.
La Repubblica di Genova ha stabilito molte colonie commerciali dal Mar Mediterraneo al Mar Nero durante il tardo Medioevo, dopo alcune concessioni. Allo stesso tempo, la nobile famiglia genovese di Gattilusio ha acquisito il controllo d’importanti possedimenti nell'Egeo settentrionale dai Bizantini, ha stabilito due signorie di famiglia e ha espanso leggermente le loro terre nel tempo. Corrispondentemente, entrambi i periodi hanno lasciato alcune tracce con caratteristiche diverse sui palinsesti del patrimonio costruito in quei possedimenti. Gli edifici esistenti e le strutture urbane dei periodi più antichi, insieme ai materiali e alle tecniche di costruzione locali in quelle aree possono essere considerati i fattori più significativi durante le costruzioni genovesi, che possono essere rivelati attraverso documenti storici, indagini architettoniche e confronti tra diversi patrimoni. In realtà, la natura del patrimonio architettonico in Turchia e nello specifico Istanbul, essendo l'ex Costantinopoli era già costituita da molti strati storici di diverse civiltà e culture. Come i genovesi hanno preso il controllo dei suddetti territori coloniali e dei possedimenti di famiglia da una precedente civiltà, la loro presenza non è stata eterna, così anche gli strati architettonici aggiunti durante il periodo genovese sono diventati parte del palinsesto e hanno iniziato a rimanere indietro quelli che verranno dopo. Tuttavia, essi non sono rimasti gli stessi per secoli e sono completamente scomparsi o pesantemente alterati fino ai tempi moderni dalle civiltà successive, principalmente dagli Ottomani. La sovrapposizione di diversi strati urbani e architettonici può essere interpretata come un patrimonio costruito arricchito, ma l'esatto contributo dei genovesi nel mezzo è un problema che deve essere spiegato in maggiore dettaglio. Una possibile influenza dei genovesi negli edifici di epoca successiva è un'altra questione importante, che è stata già messa in discussione in alcuni studi. Quando i possedimenti dell'Egeo e dell'Euxino si sono gradualmente trasformati in mani ottomane nel XV secolo, il periodo coloniale genovese è giunto al termine insieme alle signorie di famiglia di Gattilusio. Molto più tardi, quando l'Impero Ottomano ha continuato a dissolversi nel XIX secolo, anche quegli ex insediamenti genovesi hanno iniziato a rimanere all'interno dei confini di diversi paesi uno per uno. Per quelli dell'Asia Minore e della Tracia, che sono fondamentalmente i limiti geografici e politici della Turchia moderna, si può dire che c'è una disconnessione tra la loro identità e il luogo in cui originariamente appartenevano. Inoltre, le devastazioni dei tempi moderni lentamente e alla fine le hanno coperte insieme ad altre parti dei palinsesti, a causa delle necessità delle città in crescita o di potenziali ragioni ideologiche. Pertanto, è necessario uno studio d’inventario con un punto di vista architettonico ma naturalmente supportato da altre discipline. La ragione principale di ciò si può spiegare che le fonti disponibili sul patrimonio costruito dei genovesi nelle loro ex colonie che rimangono all'interno della Turchia mancano di una tale prospettiva e di uno studio dettagliato. Galata (Pera) a Costantinopoli, ora Istanbul era uno dei più importanti possedimenti coloniali dei genovesi, che avevano per lo più periodi consecutivi bizantina, genovese e ottomana / turca, rispettivamente. Per questo motivo, oltre ad altri possibili beni architettonici genovesi nelle coste turche dell'Egeo e del Mar Nero, è stata gestita con una maggiore profondità e confronti per le loro caratteristiche fisiche per dimostrare costruzioni ibride con tracce notevoli dei genovesi. Il carattere a più strati della città deve essere osservato e visualizzato in dettaglio per una vera identità, nonostante le difficoltà di intraprendere qualsiasi azione in termini di conservazione del patrimonio architettonico. Dopo aver dato una breve panoramica nel primo capitolo, il secondo capitolo di questo studio si occupa specificamente di Galata e del suo patrimonio costruito dai genovesi, supportato da dettagli correlati di altre epoche. Il terzo capitolo si concentra su tutti gli ex insediamenti coloniali dei genovesi rimasti all'interno della Turchia, insieme con le loro brevi storie e le costruzioni genovesi lì. Nell'ultimo capitolo, i problemi di conservazione di alcuni casi di studio a Galata sono stati gestiti in riferimento alle prospettive nazionali e internazionali in termini di identità, legislazione e modo di approccio. Recenti tentativi di designare alcuni insediamenti fortificati su rotte commerciali dei genovesi, che ora rimangono all'interno della Turchia come patrimonio mondiale, sono stati anche criticati attraverso lo studio.
Urban palimpsest at Galata & an architectural inventory study for the Genoese colonial territories in Asia Minor
SAGLAM, HASAN SERCAN
Abstract
The Republic of Genoa has established many commercial colonies all along from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea during the Late Medieval Period after some concessions. At the same time, the noble Genoese family of Gattilusio has acquired the control of significant possessions in the North Aegean from the Byzantines, established two family lordships there and slightly expanded their lands over time. Correspondingly, both periods have left some traces with different characteristics on palimpsests of the built heritage in those possessions. Existing buildings and urban patterns from older periods together with local construction materials and techniques in those areas can be counted as the most significant factors during the Genoese constructions, which can be revealed through historical documents, architectural investigations and comparisons between different built heritage. In fact, the nature of the architectural heritage in Turkey and specifically Istanbul, being the former Constantinople was already consisted of many historical layers from different civilizations and cultures. Like how the Genoese have took control of the aforementioned colonial territories and family possessions from a former civilization, their presence was not everlasting as well, so architectural layers added during the Genoese period have also become a part of the palimpsest and started to remain behind the ones coming afterwards. Yet, they did not remain the same through centuries and either completely disappeared or heavily altered until modern times by successor civilizations, mainly the Ottomans. The overlapping of several different urban and architectural layers can be interpreted as an enriched built heritage but the exact contribution of the Genoese in between is an issue needs to be explained in greater detail. A possible influence of the Genoese on later period buildings is another important issue, which was already questioned in some studies. When the Aegean and Euxine possessions gradually felt into the Ottoman hands in the 15th century, the Genoese colonial period has came to an end together with family lordships of Gattilusio. Much later, when the Ottoman Empire has continued to dissolve in the 19th century, those former Genoese settlements were also started to remain inside the borders of different countries one by one. For the ones in Asia Minor and Thrace, basically being the geographical and political limits of the modern day Turkey, it can be said that there is a disconnection between their identity and where they originally belong to. Furthermore, devastations of modern times slowly and ultimately covered them together with other parts of palimpsests, due to either necessities of growing cities or potential ideological reasons. Thus, an inventory study with an architectural point of view but naturally supported by other disciplines is necessary. The main reason of it can be explained that available sources about the built heritage of the Genoese in their former colonies remaining inside Turkey lack such a perspective and detailed study. Galata (Pera) in Constantinople, now Istanbul was one of the most prominent colonial possessions of the Genoese, which mainly had consecutive Byzantine, Genoese and Ottoman / Turkish periods, respectively. For this reason, apart from other possible Genoese architectural heritage in the Aegean and Black Sea coasts of Turkey, it was handled with a greater depth and comparisons for their physical characteristics to demonstrate hybrid constructions with noteworthy traces from the Genoese. Multilayered character of the city needs to be observed and displayed in detail for a true identity despite the difficulties of taking any actions in terms of preservation of the architectural heritage. After giving a brief overview in the first chapter, the second chapter of this study specifically deals with Galata and its built heritage from the Genoese, supported with related details from other eras. The third chapter focuses on all the former colonial settlements of the Genoese remaining inside Turkey, together with their brief histories and the Genoese constructions there. In the last chapter, conservation problems of some case studies in Galata were handled with respect to national and international perspectives in terms of identity, legislation and the way of approach. Recent attempts in order to designate some fortified settlements on commercial routes of the Genoese, now remaining inside Turkey as world heritage were also criticized through the study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137547