This thesis presents the experimental study of a sliding-vane compressor employed as expander and powered by a medium-sized compressor. This preliminary study provides the basis for the development and analysis of a steam expander. The objective is therefore to support the analysis of a steam expander and characterization of the experimental apparatus. The study of the air expander vanes is a key element for machine analysis as they are one of the critical elements in rotary vane machines. This study was supported by FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis on cast iron vanes and compared to the company-developed simulator (SVEC). The FEM analysis provides a high tensile safety coefficient (15.8) in line with the results provided by the company software (17.9). Moreover, SVEC analysis provides a high fatigue safety coefficient equal to 6.11. A test bench was set up for the experimental analysis of the expander where the previously analysed cast iron blades were installed. Careful positioning of the pressure sensors and thermocouples allows to conduct an analysis on the machine performances. The air expander experimental campaign can be divided in two different stages. The first one analyses different oil injection configurations, hence, it aims to evaluate the proper oil injection points. The latter, instead, focus the attention on the best configuration selected during the first stage. Therefore, the oil injection into the expander inlet pipe is selected. This analysis leads to the identification of an indicated expander power of 18.9 kW with an input pressure of 5.5 bar. Furthermore, the machine is able to generate 13.5 kW of mechanical power which corresponds to an organic efficiency and isentropic of 71.43% and 52.27% respectively. In addition, a preliminary analysis was conducted on the oil injection into the chamber. Subsequently, the steam generating plant was characterized. The plant employs diathermic oil as heat transfer fluid and soft water as working fluid, creating an open Rankine cycle. Steam expander chambers are defined followed by vane material and stress analysis. The material selection, based on 4 main types (grey cast iron, anodizing aluminium alloy, composite material, polymeric material), identifies grey cast iron as the best candidate for the experimental phase. The simulation carried out on these vanes has identified high value of tensile and fatigue safety coefficients, 14.8 and 5 respectively. The test bench assembled in the previous campaign provided a valid support to the steam expander apparatus set up. Lubrication system has been set up for the expander lubrication and preliminary tests on the injection of oil through a calibrated orifice are carried out.
Il presente elaborato mostra lo studio sperimentale di un compressore a plaette impiegato come espansore ed alimentato da un compressore di media taglia. Questo studio preliminare costituisce la base per lo sviluppo e l’analisi di un espansore a vapore. L’obiettivo è dunque quello di supportare l’analisi di un espansore a vapore e caratterizzazione dell’apparato sperimentale. L’analisi parte dallo studio delle palette dell’espansore ad aria. Questo studio è stato supportato da un’analisi FEM (Finite Element Method) sulle palette in ghisa e confrontato con il simulatore sviluppato in azienda (SVEC). L’analisi FEM fornisce un elevato coefficiente di sicurezza a trazione (15.8) in linea con i risultati forniti dal software aziendale (17.9), inoltre, il simulatore SVEC ha messo in luce anche un elevato coefficiente di sicurezza a fatica, pari a 6.11. È stato realizzato un banco prova per l’analisi sperimentale dell’espansore dove sono state installate palette in ghisa precedentemente analizzate. La campagna sperimentale condotta sull’espansore ad aria può essere suddivisa in due fasi. La prima analizza diverse configurazioni del sistema di iniezione dell’olio, quindi, ha lo scopo di valutare il sistema di iniezione più appropriato. La seconda fase della campagna sperimentale, invece, focalizza la propria analisi sulla configurazione selezionata durante la prima fase. Questa campagna ha messo in luce che l’iniezione di olio in ingresso risulta più vantaggiosa. È stata individuata una potenza indicata dell’espansore pari a 18.9 kW con una pressione di ingresso di 5.5 bar. Nelle stesse condizioni operative la macchina genera 13.5 kW di potenza meccanica a cui corrisponde un rendimento organico ed isentropico pari a 71.43% e 52.27% rispettivamente. Successivamente è stato caratterizzato l’impianto di generazione del vapore. L’impianto utilizza olio diatermico come fluido termovettore e acqua di rete demineralizzata come fluido ottenendo vapore saturo in uscita. Successivamente sono stati individuati i volumi delle camere dell’espansore a vapore e condotta un’analisi sui materiali delle palette e sullo stato di sforzo. Una prima selezione dei materiali, basata su 4 principali tipologie (ghisa grigia, lega di alluminio con trattamento anodizzante, materiale composito, materiale polimerico), ha permesso di individuare la ghisa grigia come miglior candidato per la fase sperimentale. L’analisi al simulatore condotta su queste palette ha individuato un elevato coefficiente di sicurezza a trazione e fatica, rispettivamente pari a 14.8 e 5. Il banco prova realizzato nella campagna precedente è stato un valido supporto per l’allestimento di un nuovo apparato sperimentale dedicato all’espansore a vapore. Infine, è stato allestito un circuito per la lubrificazione dell’espansore e condotti dei test preliminari sull’iniezione di olio tramite orifizio calibrato.
Experimental investigation and preliminary design of a sliding-vane expander considering air and steam as working fluid
OROPALLO, DAVIDE
2016/2017
Abstract
This thesis presents the experimental study of a sliding-vane compressor employed as expander and powered by a medium-sized compressor. This preliminary study provides the basis for the development and analysis of a steam expander. The objective is therefore to support the analysis of a steam expander and characterization of the experimental apparatus. The study of the air expander vanes is a key element for machine analysis as they are one of the critical elements in rotary vane machines. This study was supported by FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis on cast iron vanes and compared to the company-developed simulator (SVEC). The FEM analysis provides a high tensile safety coefficient (15.8) in line with the results provided by the company software (17.9). Moreover, SVEC analysis provides a high fatigue safety coefficient equal to 6.11. A test bench was set up for the experimental analysis of the expander where the previously analysed cast iron blades were installed. Careful positioning of the pressure sensors and thermocouples allows to conduct an analysis on the machine performances. The air expander experimental campaign can be divided in two different stages. The first one analyses different oil injection configurations, hence, it aims to evaluate the proper oil injection points. The latter, instead, focus the attention on the best configuration selected during the first stage. Therefore, the oil injection into the expander inlet pipe is selected. This analysis leads to the identification of an indicated expander power of 18.9 kW with an input pressure of 5.5 bar. Furthermore, the machine is able to generate 13.5 kW of mechanical power which corresponds to an organic efficiency and isentropic of 71.43% and 52.27% respectively. In addition, a preliminary analysis was conducted on the oil injection into the chamber. Subsequently, the steam generating plant was characterized. The plant employs diathermic oil as heat transfer fluid and soft water as working fluid, creating an open Rankine cycle. Steam expander chambers are defined followed by vane material and stress analysis. The material selection, based on 4 main types (grey cast iron, anodizing aluminium alloy, composite material, polymeric material), identifies grey cast iron as the best candidate for the experimental phase. The simulation carried out on these vanes has identified high value of tensile and fatigue safety coefficients, 14.8 and 5 respectively. The test bench assembled in the previous campaign provided a valid support to the steam expander apparatus set up. Lubrication system has been set up for the expander lubrication and preliminary tests on the injection of oil through a calibrated orifice are carried out.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137589