Scented tea-light candles can release a large number of air pollutants in indoor environment. Albeit being one of the most widespread fragrance products, very few studies are found in literature regarding emissions from tea-light scented candles. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to characterize emissions of volatile organic compounds, short chain aldehydes and particulate matter from burning of tea-lights in a laboratory-scale test chamber. At the same time, characterization of the raw materials has been carried out for all samples in order to relate wax quality to the measured emissions. Finally, emissions factors have been used to assess predicted indoor air concentrations using a single compartment model and a two-box compartment model with reasonable worst-case scenario parameters. As a result, emissions of CO, SO2 and NOx were very low, with a clear correlation between NOx emissions and candle burning rate. Emissions of aldehydes are dominated by formaldehyde and acrolein and do not seem to be affected by the addition of fragrance. PM emissions are mainly made up by ultrafine particles and show a clear correlation to the aldehydes emissions. Raw materials analysis showed no traces of heavy metals and low content of light metals and sulfur both in the waxes and in the wicks. Assessment of predicted concentrations revealed that NOx and SO2 regulatory limits may be exceeded for the worst-case scenario, while recommended acrolein level is exceeded even for favorable ventilation conditions.
Le candele profumate di tipo tea-light possono essere fonte di numerosi inquinanti in ambienti indoor. Sebbene si tratti di uno dei più popolari prodotti per profumazione, pochi studi sono disponibili in letteratura relativamente alle emissioni da candele di tipo tea-light. Perciò, l’obiettivo del presente studio è stato la caratterizzazione delle emissioni di composti organici volatili, aldeidi leggere e particolato dalla combustione di candele tea-light in una camera di combustione sperimentale. Allo stesso tempo, si è realizzata una caratterizzazione dei materiali per correlare la qualità della cera alle emissioni misurate. Infine, i fattori di emissione ottenuti sono stati utilizzati per prevedere le concentrazioni usando un modello 1-box e un modello 2-box nelle condizioni peggiorative. Le emissioni di CO, SO2 e NOx sono risultate piuttosto ridotte, con una chiara correlazione tra emissioni di NOx e la velocità di consumo della candela. Le emissioni di aldeidi sono prevalentemente costituite da formaldeide e acroleina e non sembrano influenzate dall'aggiunta di fragranza. Le emissioni di particolato sono costituite principalmente da particelle ultrafini e mostrano una chiara correlazione con le emissioni di aldeidi. L’analisi delle materie prime non ha rivelato presenza di metalli pesanti, ma solo bassi contenuti di metalli leggeri e zolfo sia nella cera che negli stoppini. La valutazione delle concentrazioni ha mostrato come i livelli di soglia di NOx e SO2 possono essere superati in condizioni peggiorative, mentre il limite per l’acroleina è superato anche in condizioni di ventilazione favorevoli.
Characterization of the emissions from scented tea-light candles
ODDO, EMANUELE
2016/2017
Abstract
Scented tea-light candles can release a large number of air pollutants in indoor environment. Albeit being one of the most widespread fragrance products, very few studies are found in literature regarding emissions from tea-light scented candles. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to characterize emissions of volatile organic compounds, short chain aldehydes and particulate matter from burning of tea-lights in a laboratory-scale test chamber. At the same time, characterization of the raw materials has been carried out for all samples in order to relate wax quality to the measured emissions. Finally, emissions factors have been used to assess predicted indoor air concentrations using a single compartment model and a two-box compartment model with reasonable worst-case scenario parameters. As a result, emissions of CO, SO2 and NOx were very low, with a clear correlation between NOx emissions and candle burning rate. Emissions of aldehydes are dominated by formaldehyde and acrolein and do not seem to be affected by the addition of fragrance. PM emissions are mainly made up by ultrafine particles and show a clear correlation to the aldehydes emissions. Raw materials analysis showed no traces of heavy metals and low content of light metals and sulfur both in the waxes and in the wicks. Assessment of predicted concentrations revealed that NOx and SO2 regulatory limits may be exceeded for the worst-case scenario, while recommended acrolein level is exceeded even for favorable ventilation conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/137607