In recent years, Structural Control has been spreading increasingly. Modern design techniques are trying to modify the past approaches, based on the use of structural damage to dissipate energy under important dynamic loads, such as strong winds or earthquakes. Damage has been accepted in order to prevent the structure from failure, but it is usually irreversible, with high costs of rehabilitation. Modern techniques, based on Structural Control, aims at reducing the structural damage, maintaining the structure in the elastic field even during strong dynamic loads, in order to prevent its plastic response followed by irreversible deformations. Structures do not loose their functionality and are protected from damage, controlling their oscillations. Passive control systems have had a great spead in civil engineering, because of their low costs, ease installation and maintenance, and no external energy sorces required. In this thesis, a hybrid passive control system will be deeply analysed: it consists in the integrated use of a base isolation system and a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), with the aim of exploiting the advantages of both devices. Base isolation is used in order to reduce the structural accelerations, reducing the lateral stiffenss of the structure, while the TMD, tuned to the first modal frequency of the isolated system with optimal parameters, is used in order to reduce the large displacements allowed by the base isolation system. Starting with a wide dissertation on the structural control, a classification of the existing methods and typologies of control devices is released. Afterwards, the principal theories that will be used in this work will be presented, regarding particularly the base isolation theory, the theory of TMD and of the hybrid system composed by base isolation and TMD, recalled from the engineering literature The second part of the thesis is focused on the effectiveness of the TMD in the reduction of the response of a base-isolated structure. Fistly, the efficiency of the base isolation system is studied, and the optimization process of the hybrid system is treated. The effectiveness of the TMD in the reduction of the response of base-isolated structures is thus discussed, analysing the response of the hybrid system for different excitations. Particularly, the dependence of the effectiveness on the isolation damping is deeply analysed and treated thogh numerical and analytical approaches, exploiting the value of the optimal damping of the base isolation system. Furthermore, new TMD configurations are proposed, aiming at individuating possible better solutions for the reduction of the response of a base-isolated structure. The prposed models are studied and their effectiveness is analysed. Finally, an extention of Kelly’s theory for the estimation of the modal frequencies of a base-isolated frequency is proposed, and a proposal for a new damping correction factor for response spectra is devepoled.
Negli ultimi anni, il Controllo Strutturale ha avuto una crescente diffusione. Le moderne tecniche di progettazione stanno cercando di modificare gli approcci del passato, basati sullo sfruttamento del danno strutturale per la dissipazione di energia durante carichi dinamici di notevole intensità, quali forti venti o terremoti. Il danneggiamento irreversibile della struttura viene dunque accettato per prevenirne il collasso, con la conseguente necessità di effettuare costosi interventi di riabilitazione per ripristinarla. Le tecniche di progettazione moderne, basate sul Controllo Strutturale, si propongono di ridurre il danno strutturale, in modo che la struttura si mantenga in campo elastico anche in caso di carichi dinamici di elevata intensità, evitando lo snervamento irreversibile che segue il comportamento plastico. Le strutture, così, non perdono la loro funzionalità, e vengono protette dal danneggiamento, controllando le loro oscillazioni. I sistemi di controllo passivo sono quelli che hanno avuto maggore sviluppo e diffusione nel campo dell’ingegneria civile, per via della facilità di istallazione e manutenzione, i bassi costi e l’indipendenza da qualsiasi sorgente di energia esterna per funzionare. In questo elaborato, un sistema di controllo passivo ibrido sarà profondamente analizzato: esso è costituito dall’uso integrato del sistema di isolamento alla base e dello smorzatore a massa accordata (TMD). Il sistema di isolamento alla base viene usato per ridurre le accelerazioni strutturali, con l’abbassamento della rigidezza laterale della struttura, mentre il TMD, accordato al primo modo di vibrare del sistema isolato tramite parametri ottimali, ha la funzione di ridurre gli ampi spostamenti che il sistema di isolamento consente alla struttura. Dando un’ampia panoramica del controllo strutturale, vengono classificate le tipologie e metodi esistenti di controllo, soffermandosi sulle tecniche di controllo passivo. Successivamente, le principali teorie utilizzate in questo elaborato vengono presentate, riguardanti in particolare le teorie dell'isolamento alla base, del TMD e del sistema ibrido costituito dai due, riprendendo le formulazioni della letteratura ingegneristica. La seconda parte dell’elaborato è incentrata sullo studio dell’efficacia del TMD nella riduzione della risposta di sistemi isolati. Inizialmente, viene studiata l’efficienza dell’isolamento nella riduzione delle accelerazioni, e viene trattata l’ottimizzazione del sistema ibrido per la riduzione della risposta strutturale. Quindi, si passa all’analisi dell’efficacia del TMD istallato in strutture isolate, attraverso lo studio della risposta del sistema ibrido soggetto a diverse eccitazioni. In particolare, viene approfondita la dipendenza dell’efficienza dallo smorzamento del sistema di isolamento attraverso procedure numeriche e analitiche, considerando il valore ottimale che lo smorzamento assume. Inoltre, nuove configurazioni di TMD non tradizionali vengono proposte per individuare soluzioni più efficaci nella riduzione della risposta del sistema isolato. Infine, viene proposta un’estensione della teoria di Kelly per la stima delle frequenze di strutture isolate, e una formulazione alternativa per un fattore di correzione dello spettro di risposta in funzione dello smorzamento del sistema.
On the effectiveness of inertial tuned mass dampers on the response of a base isolated system
BIANCHERI, FRANCESCO DOMENICO
2016/2017
Abstract
In recent years, Structural Control has been spreading increasingly. Modern design techniques are trying to modify the past approaches, based on the use of structural damage to dissipate energy under important dynamic loads, such as strong winds or earthquakes. Damage has been accepted in order to prevent the structure from failure, but it is usually irreversible, with high costs of rehabilitation. Modern techniques, based on Structural Control, aims at reducing the structural damage, maintaining the structure in the elastic field even during strong dynamic loads, in order to prevent its plastic response followed by irreversible deformations. Structures do not loose their functionality and are protected from damage, controlling their oscillations. Passive control systems have had a great spead in civil engineering, because of their low costs, ease installation and maintenance, and no external energy sorces required. In this thesis, a hybrid passive control system will be deeply analysed: it consists in the integrated use of a base isolation system and a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), with the aim of exploiting the advantages of both devices. Base isolation is used in order to reduce the structural accelerations, reducing the lateral stiffenss of the structure, while the TMD, tuned to the first modal frequency of the isolated system with optimal parameters, is used in order to reduce the large displacements allowed by the base isolation system. Starting with a wide dissertation on the structural control, a classification of the existing methods and typologies of control devices is released. Afterwards, the principal theories that will be used in this work will be presented, regarding particularly the base isolation theory, the theory of TMD and of the hybrid system composed by base isolation and TMD, recalled from the engineering literature The second part of the thesis is focused on the effectiveness of the TMD in the reduction of the response of a base-isolated structure. Fistly, the efficiency of the base isolation system is studied, and the optimization process of the hybrid system is treated. The effectiveness of the TMD in the reduction of the response of base-isolated structures is thus discussed, analysing the response of the hybrid system for different excitations. Particularly, the dependence of the effectiveness on the isolation damping is deeply analysed and treated thogh numerical and analytical approaches, exploiting the value of the optimal damping of the base isolation system. Furthermore, new TMD configurations are proposed, aiming at individuating possible better solutions for the reduction of the response of a base-isolated structure. The prposed models are studied and their effectiveness is analysed. Finally, an extention of Kelly’s theory for the estimation of the modal frequencies of a base-isolated frequency is proposed, and a proposal for a new damping correction factor for response spectra is devepoled.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/138186