Flooding is a major hazard to lives and infrastructures, and has been progressively exacerbated by urban development increasing the intersection between natural drainage systems and the built environment. During calamitous events, the conveyance of river channels may significantly change as a result of the morphologic evolution of a river bed, that is in turn determined by a balance between the sediment supply, generally produced by slope erosion or landslides, and the sediment transport capacity. A rapid flood event can induce significant aggradation/degradation of the bed; if a major sediment deposition occurs, maximum water levels will increase as a result of reduced conveyance, leading to increased probability of bank overtopping. Based on the above considerations, a key issue is represented by the propagation of a sediment wave along a channel in non-equilibrium transport conditions. Availability of reliable predictors of the sediment migration would be extremely useful to estimate the expected hydro-morphologic response of the channel and the consequent impact on the flood levels. Despite some experiments exist on the propagation of sediment fronts, relatively scarce knowledge is available. Therefore, in this work, a flume experimental study on aggradation induced by upstream sediment feeding was carried out. The physical modelling was performed in a tilting flume located in the Mountain Hydraulics Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano. The experimental campaign involved different preliminary tests and a series of aggradation experiments. A first group of preliminary tests, varying the bed slope and the water discharge, were performed to characterize the flow distribution in the rectangular channel. These tests were also used to estimate some reference hydraulic parameters, like the shear velocity. Finally, a sediment hopper (that is used to provide a sediment supply to the flume) was calibrated to establish a relationship between its control parameters and a feeding rate. A series of aggradation experiments were performed with the same slope, flow rate and depth, and changing the sediment feeding rate. The background hydrodynamic conditions were chosen among those of the preliminary runs described above. Therefore, the aggradation runs constitute a homogeneous series that enable the effect of the sediment feeding on the hydro-morphologic changes to be observed. The sediment feeding rate was continuously measured during the experiment and its mean value was also indirectly measured, at the end of the run, by sediment continuity (considering sediment feeding, aggradation and discharge at the flume outlet). Temporal evolutions of the longitudinal profile of the stream bed and of the water surface were measured by imaging methods. The main experimental results involve (i) the general shape of the river bed during the aggradation process, and (ii) a characterization of the velocity of propagation of aggrading sediment fronts. The celerity of propagation of the fronts was finally compared to a few predictors that are available in the literature. The celerity values returned by different predictors are scattered over two orders of magnitude. In addition, the effect of the sediment feeding on the hydro-morphologic response is still an open debate, as some predictors suggest that the celerity of the front will increase for increasing feeding, while others predict the opposite (as was experimentally obtained in this work).
Le alluvioni sono calamità naturali responsabili delle perdite di vite e infrastrutture, e la loro pericolosità è progressivamente aumentata dall’aumentata interconnessione tra I sistemi naturali e l’ambiente costruito, determinate dalla crescita urbana. Durante gli eventi alluvionali, la capacità dei corsi d’acqua può cambiare a seguito dell’evoluzione morfologica degli alvei, che risulta dalla combinazione tra la capacità di portata solida e le condizioni di alimentazione solida, per esempio a seguito di erosione distribuita o frane localizzate. Un evento rapido può determinare interrimento/erosione significativi; nel primo caso, la riduzione della dimensione dell’alveo determina un innalzamento della superficie libera e una maggiore probabilità di tracimazione delle sponde. Per questi motivi, assume importanza lo studio della propagazione di sedimento in un canale che non si trovi in condizioni di equilibrio morfologico. In tal senso, strumenti di previsione della migrazione del materiale solido sarebbero di grande aiuto alla stima dell’evoluzione morfologica attesa, con le relative ricadute sui livelli idrici. La letteratura scientifica documenta alcuni esperimenti relativi alla migrazione di un fronte di sedimenti; ciononostante, la conoscenza di questi fenomeni è ancora limitata. Dunque, in questo lavoro è stato condotto uno studio sperimentale sui fenomeni di interrimento. Le prove sperimentali sono state effettuate nel Laboratorio di Idraulica Montana del Politecnico di Milano. La campagna ha compreso diverse prove preliminari e una serie di esperimenti morfologici con interrimento del canale. Una prima serie di prove preliminari è stata dedicata alla caratterizzazione del flusso idrodinamico nel canale, per diversi valori di pendenza e portata. Questi test sono stati anche usati per la stima di alcuni parametri di riferimento, tra cui la velocità di attrito. Infine, sono state condotte delle prove di calibrazione della tramoggia usata per l’alimentazione di sedimento all’imbocco del canale, determinando le regolazioni necessarie per ottenere un certo valore di portata solida. Gli esperimenti morfologici sono stati effettuati con le medesime pendenza, portata e altezza d’acqua, al variare della portata dell’alimentazione solida. Le condizioni idrodinamiche corrispondevano a quelle di una delle prove preliminari descritte sopra. Le prove idraulico-morfologiche costituiscono quindi una serie omogenea volta a determinare l’effetto della portata solida di alimentazione sulla propagazione del sedimento. La portata solida alimentata dalla tramoggia è stata misurata in continuo durante le prove; inoltre, il valor medio è stato misurato indirettamente al termine di ciascuna prova impostando un bilancio di massa tra il solido alimentato, depositato e scaricato a valle della canaletta. L’evoluzione temporale dei profili del letto e della superficie libera è stata misurata sulla base di immagini acquisite durante gli esperimenti. I risultati sperimentali hanno riguardato (i) la forma del letto durante il processo di interrimento e (ii) la celerità di propagazione del fronte solido. I valori di celerità ottenuti sperimentalmente sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenibili da alcune formule di letteratura. I valori di celerità calcolati con le diverse equazioni presentavano una variabilità di due ordini di grandezza. Inoltre, la rappresentazione dell’effetto della portata solida alimentata non era in accordo, dato che alcune equazioni restituivano una celerità crescente con l’entità dell’alimentazione, mentre altre presentavano la tendenza opposta (e congruente con quella trovata nella presente campagna sperimentale).
Laboratory study of channel aggradation due to overloading
UNIGARRO VILLOTA, STEFANIA
2016/2017
Abstract
Flooding is a major hazard to lives and infrastructures, and has been progressively exacerbated by urban development increasing the intersection between natural drainage systems and the built environment. During calamitous events, the conveyance of river channels may significantly change as a result of the morphologic evolution of a river bed, that is in turn determined by a balance between the sediment supply, generally produced by slope erosion or landslides, and the sediment transport capacity. A rapid flood event can induce significant aggradation/degradation of the bed; if a major sediment deposition occurs, maximum water levels will increase as a result of reduced conveyance, leading to increased probability of bank overtopping. Based on the above considerations, a key issue is represented by the propagation of a sediment wave along a channel in non-equilibrium transport conditions. Availability of reliable predictors of the sediment migration would be extremely useful to estimate the expected hydro-morphologic response of the channel and the consequent impact on the flood levels. Despite some experiments exist on the propagation of sediment fronts, relatively scarce knowledge is available. Therefore, in this work, a flume experimental study on aggradation induced by upstream sediment feeding was carried out. The physical modelling was performed in a tilting flume located in the Mountain Hydraulics Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano. The experimental campaign involved different preliminary tests and a series of aggradation experiments. A first group of preliminary tests, varying the bed slope and the water discharge, were performed to characterize the flow distribution in the rectangular channel. These tests were also used to estimate some reference hydraulic parameters, like the shear velocity. Finally, a sediment hopper (that is used to provide a sediment supply to the flume) was calibrated to establish a relationship between its control parameters and a feeding rate. A series of aggradation experiments were performed with the same slope, flow rate and depth, and changing the sediment feeding rate. The background hydrodynamic conditions were chosen among those of the preliminary runs described above. Therefore, the aggradation runs constitute a homogeneous series that enable the effect of the sediment feeding on the hydro-morphologic changes to be observed. The sediment feeding rate was continuously measured during the experiment and its mean value was also indirectly measured, at the end of the run, by sediment continuity (considering sediment feeding, aggradation and discharge at the flume outlet). Temporal evolutions of the longitudinal profile of the stream bed and of the water surface were measured by imaging methods. The main experimental results involve (i) the general shape of the river bed during the aggradation process, and (ii) a characterization of the velocity of propagation of aggrading sediment fronts. The celerity of propagation of the fronts was finally compared to a few predictors that are available in the literature. The celerity values returned by different predictors are scattered over two orders of magnitude. In addition, the effect of the sediment feeding on the hydro-morphologic response is still an open debate, as some predictors suggest that the celerity of the front will increase for increasing feeding, while others predict the opposite (as was experimentally obtained in this work).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/138531