Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of mortality worldwide [6]. Among them, atherosclerosis constitutes one of the most severe complications affecting the heart and its circulatory system. Indeed, atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol and proliferation of connective tissue. The blood vessels that show the most serious damage are the coronary arteries where the plaques can easily obstruct their small calibre (Ø=3-6 mm). Aorto-coronary bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with/without stent [84] represent conventional techniques employed to open-up the occlusion. Nowadays, stents used to treat atherosclerosis are made of different materials and foster revascularisation by exploiting different properties; they can be mainly metallic (Bare Metal Stent, BMS), such as stainless steel or alloys of Co-Cr, drug eluting stents (DES), able to release an anti-proliferative drug to reduce restenosis, or biodegradable (i.e. produced with materials that degrade in the body without causing inflammatory response). An alternative approach to improve tissue integration of the device is treating stents with biomimetic techniques. Among these, Anodic Spark Deposition (ASD) promotes the formation of a microporous film on metallic surfaces modifying the superficial oxide layer [54]. This technique is already studied and applied in orthodontic and orthopaedic fields, so it seemed legit to also employ this process for cardiovascular purposes. Among the advantages linked to this technique feature: process allows to treat samples with complex 3D structures with a high repeatability and provides the desired morphology and the inclusion of specific chemical elements on the surface by means of the accurate choice of the process parameters and the electrolytic solution. However, the surface must be previously optimised for applications that require a direct contact with blood. In fact, trials [85] showed that smooth and morphologically uniform surfaces allow for better haemodynamic. Among the different available finishing methods, electropolishing results as the most suitable to treat samples with complex geometries and small dimension. All these things considered, the aim of this project is the definition of the optimal process parameters for the electropolishing and ASD treatments on a new and innovative β titanium alloy, the TLM alloy. Later, it was decided to characterise this material with specific tests for its future use in the cardiovascular field.
Le malattie cardiovascolari costituiscono la principale causa di morte a livello mondiale [6]. Tra queste, incide in maniera drammatica l’aterosclerosi, un progressivo ispessimento della parete intimale delle arterie dovuto all’accumulo di materiale lipidico e alla proliferazione del tessuto connettivo. I vasi sanguigni in cui le placche comportano danni peggiori sono le arterie coronariche, il cui calibro è abbastanza ridotto (3-6 mm). In quest’ultimo caso, le tecniche tradizionali impiegate per effettuare la rivascolarizzazione sono il bypass aorto-coronarico e l’angioplastica transluminale percutanea (PTA) con palloncino, con o senza l’utilizzo di stent [84]. Oggigiorno esistono stents con caratteristiche differenti. Si passa da quelli metallici non rivestiti, comunemente in acciaio inossidabile e lega di Co-Cr, a quelli metallici rivestiti con un farmaco (DES) in grado di limitare il fenomeno dell’ISR; si sta infine sviluppando una nuova categoria di stent biodegradabili capaci di essere riassorbiti gradualmente una volta ripristinato il corretto lume vasale. Negli ultimi anni, la ricerca scientifica ha rivolto i propri studi allo sviluppo di trattamenti biomimetici in grado di migliorare l’integrazione tessutale del dispositivo. Tra questi, l’Anodic Spark Deposition permette di ottenere un film microporoso sulla superficie dei metalli modificandone lo strato di ossido superficiale [54]. Questa tecnica è già stata applicata con buoni risultati in ambito dentale e ortopedico, per questo si è pensato di sfruttarne i vantaggi per applicazioni in altri settori come quello cardiovascolare. In particolare, questo trattamento elettrochimico, attraverso il controllo della soluzione dopante e dei parametri di processo, permette di trattare la superficie di provini con geometrie tridimensionali complesse con un alto indice di ripetibilità e costi contenuti. Per applicazioni a contatto con il sangue è però necessario che la superficie venga in precedenza ottimizzata. Evidenze sperimentali [85] hanno infatti mostrato come superfici lisce e morfologicamente uniformi permettano una miglior emodinamica. Tra i diversi metodi di finitura disponibili, è stato scelto l’electropolishing ritenuto il più adatto per trattare provini con geometrie complesse e di dimensioni ridotte. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di definire i parametri di processo ottimali per l’esecuzione dei trattamenti di electropolishing e ASD su una nuova e innovativa lega β di titanio, la lega TLM. Successivamente sono stati svolti opportuni test di caratterizzazione per un suo futuro utilizzo nel settore cardiovascolare.
Sviluppo di un trattamento per migliorare la compatibilità biologica di una nuova lega di titanio TLM per stent endovascolari
GONZO, ANDREA ANGELO
2016/2017
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of mortality worldwide [6]. Among them, atherosclerosis constitutes one of the most severe complications affecting the heart and its circulatory system. Indeed, atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol and proliferation of connective tissue. The blood vessels that show the most serious damage are the coronary arteries where the plaques can easily obstruct their small calibre (Ø=3-6 mm). Aorto-coronary bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with/without stent [84] represent conventional techniques employed to open-up the occlusion. Nowadays, stents used to treat atherosclerosis are made of different materials and foster revascularisation by exploiting different properties; they can be mainly metallic (Bare Metal Stent, BMS), such as stainless steel or alloys of Co-Cr, drug eluting stents (DES), able to release an anti-proliferative drug to reduce restenosis, or biodegradable (i.e. produced with materials that degrade in the body without causing inflammatory response). An alternative approach to improve tissue integration of the device is treating stents with biomimetic techniques. Among these, Anodic Spark Deposition (ASD) promotes the formation of a microporous film on metallic surfaces modifying the superficial oxide layer [54]. This technique is already studied and applied in orthodontic and orthopaedic fields, so it seemed legit to also employ this process for cardiovascular purposes. Among the advantages linked to this technique feature: process allows to treat samples with complex 3D structures with a high repeatability and provides the desired morphology and the inclusion of specific chemical elements on the surface by means of the accurate choice of the process parameters and the electrolytic solution. However, the surface must be previously optimised for applications that require a direct contact with blood. In fact, trials [85] showed that smooth and morphologically uniform surfaces allow for better haemodynamic. Among the different available finishing methods, electropolishing results as the most suitable to treat samples with complex geometries and small dimension. All these things considered, the aim of this project is the definition of the optimal process parameters for the electropolishing and ASD treatments on a new and innovative β titanium alloy, the TLM alloy. Later, it was decided to characterise this material with specific tests for its future use in the cardiovascular field.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/138773