In recent decades, globalisation and technological disruptions have made complexity a critical and growing concern for manufacturing organisations and Supply Chain (SC) managers. There are two main and interrelated types of complexity: structural and dynamic. Structural complexity arises in relation to the variety of elements involved in SC operations (e.g. products, processes, suppliers and customers) and to the connections between them. Dynamic complexity stems from the uncertain motion and evolution of these SC elements over time. Consequently, it is necessary that complexity management theory and practice address both these complexity types as well as their interplay (i.e. the effect these have on each other). This thesis draws from the literature on SC, business and systems complexity to explore: the interplay between both types of complexity and its effects on SC performance, how both complexity types may be jointly managed in the SC, and the influence that contextual factors have on both types of complexity and their management. An empirical qualitative investigation is carried out in two phases: exploratory semi- structured interviews with SC managers followed by in-depth inductive case studies in four global manufacturing companies which operate in different industrial sectors. Structural and dynamic complexity factors related to the firm’s product portfolio, internal SC design, and customer and supply bases are analysed; and a wide range of complexity management practices is reviewed. The results show that structural complexity exacerbates the negative effect of dynamic complexity on SC performance through four distinctive interplay mechanisms: silo- thinking, limited adaptability, increased uncertainty and localism. In addition, firms can leverage four clusters of practices to lessen complexity’s hindering effects on their internal SC’s performance: variety reducing, confinement and decoupling, coordination and collaboration, and decision support and knowledge generation. Each of these clusters of practices has their own scope and limitations; thus, companies can combine them to cover a specific range of structural and dynamic complexity factors. Moreover, the adopted practices can accentuate or lessen the interplay between structural and dynamic complexity. On one hand, coordination and collaboration along with decision support and knowledge generation practices can be used to respectively overcome silo-thinking and increased uncertainty. On the other, decision support and knowledge generation practices can accentuate silo-thinking and limit the adaptability of the SC. Lastly, a number of contextual factors emerge from the analysis, and their influence on categories of complexity factors is discussed. Furthermore, industry, country and firm contextual factors are found to influence the extent and type of complexity reduction practices that are adopted by the SC function. Based on the discussion of these findings, propositions and a revised theoretical framework are advanced. The thesis makes several contributions to SC management theory and provides practitioners with valuable insights. Theoretically, the findings on the interplay extend current understanding of the relationship between complexity and SC performance and suggest a synergistic adverse joint effect of the two complexity types on SC cost. In addition, the study extends current knowledge on the management of complexity by putting forth a theoretically and empirically supported classification of practices and identifying distinctive approaches that can be leveraged to either reduce or accommodate complexity. Moreover, the findings suggest that firms may not only accommodate, but reduce strategic and customer-valued complexity. In this sense, the study adds to the discussion of value-adding and value-destroying complexity in the literature. From a practical standpoint, the study allows managers to better understand the effects of complexity on the performance of their SCs. More importantly, the study offers a practically usable classification and review of practices that managers can rely upon to design complexity management approaches to cope with both types of complexity. In this respect, the findings on the scope of individual and clusters of practices serve to inform managers’ practice adoption decisions. In addition, the understanding of the influence of contextual factors on complexity has strategic implications for managers. Finally, the study's limitations are acknowledged and avenues for future research are presented.
Negli ultimi decenni, sotto la spinta della globalizzazione e dell’introduzione di nuove tecnologia è andato sempre crescendo il livello di complessità della Supply Chain (SC), rendendola oggi un aspetto critico e fonte di preoccupazione crescente per le aziende manifatturiere. Esistono due forme di complessità tra loro correlate: complessità strutturale e complessità dinamica. La complessità strutturale riguarda la numerosità e varietà di elementi - quali, prodotti, processi, fornitori e clienti - coinvolti nei processi di SC e le connessioni tra essi esistenti. La complessità dinamica deriva invece dal comportamento incerto e dalla continua evoluzione temporale di questi stessi elementi. Una efficace gestione della complessità della SC richiede pertanto un’adeguata considerazione di entrambe le sue forme e della loro mutua interazione, con particolare riferimento alla loro influenza sulla prestazione della SC stessa. Tale visione rappresenta oggi una sfida tanto per la pratica manageriale quanto per la ricerca teorica. Questa tesi, traendo origine dalla letteratura che studia la complessità nella SC, nel business o nei sistemi, esplora in profondità: l'interazione tra complessità strutturale e dinamica e gli effetti di tale interazione sulle prestazioni della SC, come la complessità, in tutte le sue forme, possa essere gestita, a livello di SC, e l'influenza che fattori di contesto hanno sui fattori di complessità e sulla loro gestione. La ricerca, di tipo qualitativo empirico, è stato articolato in due fasi: interviste esplorative semi-strutturate con SC manager, seguite da casi-studio induttivi condotti in quattro aziende multinazionali che operano in diversi settori manifatturieri. In tal modo sono stati identificati e analizzati fattori di complessità strutturale e dinamica relativi al portafoglio prodotti dell'azienda, alla progettazione della SC interna e alla platea dei clienti e dei fornitori. In un secondo momento, la ricerca è stata orientata ad esaminare un'ampia gamma di pratiche di gestione della complessità mantenendo come focus la SC interna dell’azienda. I risultati mostrano che la complessità strutturale aggrava l'effetto negativo della complessità dinamica sulle prestazioni della SC; quattro meccanismi di interazione distintivi sono stati in particolare portati alla luce: silo-thinking, limitata adattabilità, aumento dell’incertezza, localismo. Inoltre, l’analisi ha identificato quattro insiemi di pratiche che le aziende possono sfruttare per ridurre gli effetti negativi della complessità sulle prestazioni della SC interna: riduzione della varietà, confinamento e disaccoppiamento, coordinamento e collaborazione, supporto alle decisioni e gestione della conoscenza. Ciascuno di questi gruppi di pratiche ha i propri limiti e ed il proprio ambito di applicazione; quindi, le aziende possono combinarli in modo vario per coprire una gamma specifica di fattori di complessità strutturale e dinamica che affliggono la SC. Se da un lato, alcune pratiche consentono di ridurre gli effetti negative dei meccanismi di interazione, come ad esempio il coordinamento e la collaborazione verso silo-thinking o strumenti di supporto alle decisioni verso riduzione dell’incertezza, dall’atro sono dimostrati anche effetti negativi. In particolare, meccanismi di silo-thinking e limitata adattabilità possono essere rafforzati dall’adozione di pratiche di supporto alle decisioni e gestione della conoscenza. Infine, lo studio evidenzia una serie di fattori contestuali, di cui viene discussa l’influenza sulle diverse categorie di fattori di complessità e sulle relative pratiche di mitigazione. Sulla base di questi risultati, vengono infine elaborate alcune proposizioni ed un modello teorico dettagliato. La tesi offre diversi contributi teorici alla disciplina del Supply Chain Management e fornisce ai manager informazioni preziose anche sul piano operativo e decisionale. Sul piano teorico, i risultati ottenuti circa i meccanismi di interazione tra diverse forme di complessità ampliano la comprensione attuale della relazione tra complessità e prestazioni della SC e suggeriscono un effetto congiunto sfavorevole, cioè sinergico, dei due tipi di complessità sul costo della SC. I risultati ottenuti estendono inoltre le conoscenze attuali sulla gestione della complessità, identificando approcci distintivi che possono essere sfruttati per ridurre o adattare la complessità della SC. In particolare, i risultati dimostrano che anche la complessità introdotta nella SC dalla strategia aziendale può essere ridotta. In questo senso, lo studio contribuisce ad arricchire la discussione presente in letteratura circa l’esistenza di complessità value-adding e value-destroying. Da un punto di vista pratico, lo studio consente ai manager di comprendere meglio gli effetti della complessità sulle prestazioni della SC. In modo ancora più evidente, lo studio offre una classificazione ed una revisione critica delle pratiche utilizzabili, su cui i manager possono fare affidamento per elaborare strategie efficaci di gestione della complessità, in tutte le sue forme. A tale riguardo, le conclusioni offerte sull'ambito di applicazione delle singole pratiche, o di loro gruppi omogenei, possono guidare il management nell’adozione delle decisioni più opportune. E’ opportuno ricordare poi che una più approfondita comprensione dell'influenza dei fattori contestuali sulla complessità ha implicazioni di natura strategica per i SC manager. Nelle conclusioni, sono infine riconosciuti e brevemente discussi i limiti dello studio condotto, insieme al suggerimento di possibili obiettivi e strade per ricerche future.
Managing the joint influence of structural and dynamic complexity on supply chain performance
FERNANDEZ CAMPOS, PABLO
Abstract
In recent decades, globalisation and technological disruptions have made complexity a critical and growing concern for manufacturing organisations and Supply Chain (SC) managers. There are two main and interrelated types of complexity: structural and dynamic. Structural complexity arises in relation to the variety of elements involved in SC operations (e.g. products, processes, suppliers and customers) and to the connections between them. Dynamic complexity stems from the uncertain motion and evolution of these SC elements over time. Consequently, it is necessary that complexity management theory and practice address both these complexity types as well as their interplay (i.e. the effect these have on each other). This thesis draws from the literature on SC, business and systems complexity to explore: the interplay between both types of complexity and its effects on SC performance, how both complexity types may be jointly managed in the SC, and the influence that contextual factors have on both types of complexity and their management. An empirical qualitative investigation is carried out in two phases: exploratory semi- structured interviews with SC managers followed by in-depth inductive case studies in four global manufacturing companies which operate in different industrial sectors. Structural and dynamic complexity factors related to the firm’s product portfolio, internal SC design, and customer and supply bases are analysed; and a wide range of complexity management practices is reviewed. The results show that structural complexity exacerbates the negative effect of dynamic complexity on SC performance through four distinctive interplay mechanisms: silo- thinking, limited adaptability, increased uncertainty and localism. In addition, firms can leverage four clusters of practices to lessen complexity’s hindering effects on their internal SC’s performance: variety reducing, confinement and decoupling, coordination and collaboration, and decision support and knowledge generation. Each of these clusters of practices has their own scope and limitations; thus, companies can combine them to cover a specific range of structural and dynamic complexity factors. Moreover, the adopted practices can accentuate or lessen the interplay between structural and dynamic complexity. On one hand, coordination and collaboration along with decision support and knowledge generation practices can be used to respectively overcome silo-thinking and increased uncertainty. On the other, decision support and knowledge generation practices can accentuate silo-thinking and limit the adaptability of the SC. Lastly, a number of contextual factors emerge from the analysis, and their influence on categories of complexity factors is discussed. Furthermore, industry, country and firm contextual factors are found to influence the extent and type of complexity reduction practices that are adopted by the SC function. Based on the discussion of these findings, propositions and a revised theoretical framework are advanced. The thesis makes several contributions to SC management theory and provides practitioners with valuable insights. Theoretically, the findings on the interplay extend current understanding of the relationship between complexity and SC performance and suggest a synergistic adverse joint effect of the two complexity types on SC cost. In addition, the study extends current knowledge on the management of complexity by putting forth a theoretically and empirically supported classification of practices and identifying distinctive approaches that can be leveraged to either reduce or accommodate complexity. Moreover, the findings suggest that firms may not only accommodate, but reduce strategic and customer-valued complexity. In this sense, the study adds to the discussion of value-adding and value-destroying complexity in the literature. From a practical standpoint, the study allows managers to better understand the effects of complexity on the performance of their SCs. More importantly, the study offers a practically usable classification and review of practices that managers can rely upon to design complexity management approaches to cope with both types of complexity. In this respect, the findings on the scope of individual and clusters of practices serve to inform managers’ practice adoption decisions. In addition, the understanding of the influence of contextual factors on complexity has strategic implications for managers. Finally, the study's limitations are acknowledged and avenues for future research are presented.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/138810